Marker pen

A marker pen, fineliner, marking pen, felt-tip marker, felt-tip pen, flow, marker or texta (in Australia) or sketch pen (in India), is a pen which has its own ink-source, and a tip made of porous, pressed fibers such as felt. A permanent marker consists of a container (glass, aluminum or plastic) and a core of an absorbent material. This filling serves as a carrier for the ink. The upper part of the marker contains the nib that was made in earlier time of a hard felt material, and a cap to prevent the marker from drying out. Until the early 1990s the most common solvents that were used for the ink were toluene and xylene. These two substances are both harmful and characterized by a very strong smell. Today, the ink is usually made on the basis of alcohols (e.g. 1-propanol, 1-butanol, diacetone alcohol and cresols).

History

Lee Newman patented a felt-tipped marking pen in 1910. In 1926 Benjamin Paskach patented a "fountain paintbrush" as he called it which consisted of a sponge-tipped handle containing various paint colors. Markers of this sort began to be popularized with the sale of Sidney Rosenthal's Magic Marker (1953) which consisted of a glass tube of ink with a felt wick. By 1958 use of felt-tipped markers was commonplace for a variety of applications such as lettering, labeling, and creating posters. The year 1962 brought the development of the modern fiber-tipped pen (in contrast to the marker, which generally has a thicker point) by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company (which later became Pentel).

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Felt

Felt is a textile that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibres together. Felt can be made of natural fibres such as wool or synthetic fibres such as acrylic. There are many different types of felts for industrial, technical, designer and craft applications. While some types of felt are very soft, some are tough enough to form construction materials. Felt can vary in terms of fibre content, colour, size, thickness, density and more factors depending on the use of the felt.

Many cultures have legends as to the origins of felt making. Sumerian legend claims that the secret of feltmaking was discovered by Urnamman of Lagash. The story of Saint Clement and Saint Christopher relates that while fleeing from persecution, the men packed their sandals with wool to prevent blisters. At the end of their journey, the movement and sweat had turned the wool into felt socks.

Feltmaking is still practised by nomadic peoples (Altaic people: Mongols; Turkic people) in Central Asia, where rugs, tents and clothing are regularly made. Some of these are traditional items, such as the classic yurt (Gers), while others are designed for the tourist market, such as decorated slippers. In the Western world, felt is widely used as a medium for expression in textile art as well as design, where it has significance as an ecological textile.

Nail Polish (TV serial)

Nail Polish is a Pakistani drama serial aired on A-Plus Entertainment. It is directed by Kaleem Rajput and produced by Abid Hassan. The debuting Rahma Ali is featured in the lead role, while Humaira Ali, Usman Peerzada, Abdullah Ejaz and Tehseen Wajahat Chishti portray supporting roles. The drama started airing on 3 March 2011 and ended on 12 May 2011. It was a weekly television serial that airs every Thursday.

Plot

Sonia (Rahma Ali) is a young girl who studies in college and belongs to a poor family living in a small town called Khaddepur. One day, while going to her college, she gets involved in a car accident and the car is driven by Naveed (Abdullah Ijaz), the driver of a famous and influential fashion designer Nafisa Mehboob (Humaira Ali). Nafisa tells Naveed to apologize to Sonia. Sonia comes to know that Nafisa is a fashion designer and wants to work at her beauty parlor. Sonia is a rude girl, who just wants enjoyment in her life and begins contacting Naveed and also starts visiting Nafisa to get a job at the beauty parlor. However, Sonia's happy life is ruined when she comes to know that the people who she is living with are not her parents and comes to know that the woman who grew her up is not her mother and has stolen her from hospital. The young Sonia starts disobeying her mother and starts increasing to visit Nafisa. She starts getting involved in this controversial fashion industry in hopes of becoming an upcoming model.