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Piano Tutorial by
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How To
Play Piano: "
Fum, Fum, Fum"
Catalan
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Fum, Fum, Fum (/ˌfʊm ˌfʊm ˈfʊm/ FUUM FUUM FUUM; Catalan: [ˈfum ˈfum ˈfum]) is a traditional Catalan
Christmas carol.
It is thought to have originated in the
16th or
17th century. The word "fum" means smoke in Catalan, and it may simply refer to the smoke rising from a chimney as seen from afar, or, as indicated in the
New Oxford Book of Carols, "may imitate the sound of a drum (or perhaps the strumming of a guitar)". It is not typical of
Spanish tradition but rather of
Catalan tradition.
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) defines "fum" as "to play upon a fiddle," quoting
Ben Jonson, "
Follow me, and fum as you go."
One source, the
Musical Heritage Society insert 3428 (
Christmas Songs From
Around the World), indicates that "fum, fum, fum" is an onomatopoeia imitating the noise of a rocking cradle, and that the rhythms come from the Sardana, a courtly dance which originated in
Catalonia and the
Provence.
Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈɫa] or [kataˈɫa]) is a
Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern
Spain and adjoining parts of
France. It is the national and only official language of
Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the
Balearic Islands, and the
Valencian Community (where the language is known as
Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of
Alghero on the
Italian island of
Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of
Aragon (La Franja) and
Murcia (
Carche), and in the historic
French region of
Roussillon/
Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.
According to the
Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the
Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of
Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of
Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.
Catalan evolved from
Vulgar Latin around the eastern
Pyrenees in the
9th century. During the
Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the
Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the
Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early
18th century.
19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the
Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the
Francoist dictatorship (
1939–75) banned the language again.
Since the
Spanish transition to democracy (
1975–
1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in
Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.
Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and
Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different names for the same language. There are two institutions regulating two standard varieties, the
Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian
Academy of the
Language in
Valencia. The two standards are based on the same orthographical norms and the differences are similar to those between
British and American English.
Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring
Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the
Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from
Iberian Romance (such as
Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (
Occitan,
French,
Gallo-Italic languages, etc
.).These similarities are most notable with Occitan.
Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways.
Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages
- published: 23 Nov 2015
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