Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars. They occupy the top region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram with bolometric absolute magnitudes between −5 and −12 and temperatures from about 3,500K to over 20,000K.
Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the Sun (M☉) upwards, and luminosities from about 10,000 to over a million times the Sun (L☉). They vary greatly in radius, usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess of 1,000 solar radii (R☉). They are massive enough to begin core helium burning gently before the core becomes degenerate, without a flash, and without the strong dredge-ups that lower-mass stars experience. They go on to successively ignite heavier elements, usually all the way to iron. Also because of their high masses they are destined to explode as supernovae.
The Stefan-Boltzmann law dictates that the relatively cool surfaces of red supergiants radiate much less energy per unit area than those of blue supergiants; thus, for a given luminosity red supergiants are larger than their blue counterparts. Radiation pressure limits the largest cool supergiants to around 1,500 R☉ and the most massive hot supergiants to around a million L☉ (MV around -9). Stars near and occasionally beyond these limits become unstable, pulsate, and experience rapid mass loss.
The Black Order (also known as the Cull Obsidian) is the name of a supervillain team in Marvel Comics.
The Black Order first appeared in New Avengers Vol. 3 #8 as part of the Infinity storyline and were created by Jonathan Hickman, Jerome Opeña, and Jim Cheung.
The Black Order is a group of ruthless aliens that work for Thanos. They help Thanos into razing worlds where they demand tribute. When Corvus Glaive sent one of their Outriders to find a new world to raze, the Outrider targeted Earth.
The Black Order arrive on Earth in search of the Infinity Gems, which are under the control of the Illuminati. Each member of the Order targets a member of the Illuminati with varying degrees of success. During their search for the gems, Ebony Maw finds Thanos' son, Thane, whom Thanos wishes to kill.
During a battle with the Avengers, Black Dwarf, Supergiant, and Corvus Glaive are killed. Ebony Maw betrays Thanos, and frees Thane. Thane traps Thanos and Proxima Midnight in an amber construct which leaves them in a state of "living death."
Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars. They occupy the top region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram with bolometric absolute magnitudes between −5 and −12 and temperatures from about 3,500K to over 20,000K.
Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the Sun (M☉) upwards, and luminosities from about 10,000 to over a million times the Sun (L☉). They vary greatly in radius, usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess of 1,000 solar radii (R☉). They are massive enough to begin core helium burning gently before the core becomes degenerate, without a flash, and without the strong dredge-ups that lower-mass stars experience. They go on to successively ignite heavier elements, usually all the way to iron. Also because of their high masses they are destined to explode as supernovae.
The Stefan-Boltzmann law dictates that the relatively cool surfaces of red supergiants radiate much less energy per unit area than those of blue supergiants; thus, for a given luminosity red supergiants are larger than their blue counterparts. Radiation pressure limits the largest cool supergiants to around 1,500 R☉ and the most massive hot supergiants to around a million L☉ (MV around -9). Stars near and occasionally beyond these limits become unstable, pulsate, and experience rapid mass loss.
WorldNews.com | 11 Jun 2019
The Independent | 11 Jun 2019
WorldNews.com | 10 Jun 2019
The Independent | 11 Jun 2019