1968

1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (dominical letter GF) of the Gregorian calendar, the 1968th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 968th year of the 2nd millennium, the 68th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1960s decade. This was the year of the Protests of 1968.

Events

January

Echo

In audio signal processing and acoustics, an echo (plural echoes) is a reflection of sound, arriving at the listener some time after the direct sound. Typical examples are the echo produced by the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an enclosed room and an empty room. A true echo is a single reflection of the sound source. The time delay is the extra distance divided by the speed of sound. The word echo derives from the Greek ἠχώ (ēchō), itself from ἦχος (ēchos), "sound".Echo in the folk story of Greek is a mountain nymph whose ability to speak was cursed, only able to repeat the last words anyone spoke to her. Animals that use echoes are cetaceans (dolphins and whales) and bats.

Acoustic phenomenon

If so many reflections arrive at a listener that they are unable to distinguish between them, the proper term is reverberation. An echo can be explained as a wave that has been reflected by a discontinuity in the propagation medium, and returns with sufficient magnitude and delay to be perceived. Echoes are reflected off walls or hard surfaces like mountains and privacy fences.

Previously Unreleased

Previously Unreleased is a 1982 album by the English guitarist Larry Wallis, released under the name Pink Fairies. Although released as a 12" 33RPM LP, it actually played at 45RPM making it more of an EP.

The album contains "As Long As The Price Is Right" which had previously been issued as a single by Dr. Feelgood (who would cover "Talk of the Devil" and "Can't Find the Lady" on their Doctor's Orders and Mad Man Blues albums, respectively. That song, and 'It's coming back again' were both originally recorded by Wallis for his aborted solo LP for the Stiff label in considerably different form. The album/Ep came out while Wallis was playing with Butler & Sanderson in a band with many names, most notably 'The Police Cars' & 'The Love Pirates Of Doom' along with 2nd guitarist Andy Colquhoun and was recorded at that time, though without Colquhoun's input. The line-up played many gigs at Dingwalls, once appearing as The Deviants with Mick Farren (vocals) having also been the support band, and later at the Cricketers (Oval) and (once) in Leeds (minus Sanderson). The reformed Pink Fairies (1987) was essentially this combo with Russell Hunter & (for a while) Twink replacing George Butler

The Lemon Fog

The Lemon Fog were an American garage rock and psychedelic band from Houston, Texas who were active form 1965-1970. They were one of the earliest bands to emerge from the Houston psychedelic scene, and recorded several singles for Orbit Records. They also recorded a number of outtakes and demos which have been posthumously released.

History

The Lemon Fog's roots harken back to the Rip Chords, a surf rock combo in Houston Texas, which was founded in the spring of 1963 by Fillmore High School classmates Danny Ogg and Terry Horde, with Ogg on lead guitar, Horde on rhythm guitar, Timmy Thorpe on bass, and Dale VanDeloo on saxophone and vocals. Thought their early repertoire consisted of primarily instrumental numbers, they played occasional pop-soul vocal songs a well. The group played at small venues such as coffee bars and a sock hops but broke up when saxophonist VanDeloo supposedly attacked Ogg with a mike stand during an argument.

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus. The basic facts about classical conditioning were discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his famous experiments with dogs. Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of Behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behaviour (ethology). Classical conditioning is now the best understood of the basic learning processes, and its neural substrates are beginning to be understood.

Definition

Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Usually, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned stimulus (US) is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation). After pairing is repeated (some learning may occur already after only one pairing), the organism exhibits a conditioned response (CR) to the conditioned stimulus when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone. The conditioned response is usually similar to the unconditioned response (see below), but unlike the unconditioned response, it must be acquired through experience and is relatively impermanent.