- published: 24 Jan 2016
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A guild (German: Gilde) is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a trade union, a cartel, and a secret society. They often depended on grants of letters patent by a monarch or other authority to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as meeting places.
An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of universities at Bologna, Paris, and Oxford around the year 1200; they originated as guilds of students as at Bologna, or of masters as at Paris.
In pre-industrial cities, craftsmen tended to form associations based on their trades, confraternities of textile workers, masons, carpenters, carvers, glass workers, each of whom controlled secrets of traditionally imparted technology, the "arts" or "mysteries" of their crafts. Usually the founders were free independent master craftsmen.
Akshay Kumar (born Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia on 9 September 1967) is an Indian film actor, producer, comedian and martial artist who has appeared in over a hundred Hindi films. He has nominated for Filmfare Award several times and won two times. When he began his acting career in the 1990s, he primarily starred in action films and was particularly known for his appearances in feature films commonly called the "Khiladi series", which included Khiladi (1992), Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994), Sabse Bada Khiladi (1995), Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi (1996), Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi (1997), International Khiladi (1999), and Khiladi 420 (2000), as well as other action films such as Waqt Hamara Hai (1993), Mohra (1994), Elaan (1994) and Suhaag (1994).
Later he also gained fame for his drama, romance and comic roles. He started becoming known for his performances in romance films like Yeh Dillagi (1994) and Dhadkan (2000) as well as drama films such as Ek Rishtaa (2001). His comic performances in comedy films such as Hera Pheri (2000), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), and Garam Masala (2005) met with acclaim. His success further rose in 2007, when he starred in four consecutive commercial hits. He has thus established himself as one of the leading actors in Hindi cinema.
Actors: Patrick Waring (producer), Patrick Waring (writer), Patrick Waring (director), Patrick Waring (editor), Rohan Mirchandaney (actor), John Cunningham (actor), Rod Barr (actor), Carolyn Masson (actress), Nicholas Turner (composer), Peter Muir (actor), Leon Marvell (producer), Denis Pernet (actor), Pablo Calero (actor), Leigh Gathercole (actor), Michelle Nisbet (actor),
Plot: An Arts Student, an aid to a Senator, and an internet blogger. Three Certainties is a peculiar story about three very different people all with the exact same problem. Each one of these troubled souls is filled with doubt about the validity of their lives. Facing the big questions that have echoed throughout time: "Is my life valid?" "How would I even know if it was?" "Does anyone even know what I'm talking about?" How can anyone be certain of such things? Are the only two certainties in life that people will be taxed then eventually die? Or is there a third certainty in life?
Keywords: death, existentialism, politics, taxesActors: William Shakespeare (writer), Francesco Scardamaglia (writer), Tito Carpi (writer), Sergio Corbucci (writer), Enzo G. Castellari (writer), Bruno Corbucci (writer), Ugo Adinolfi (actor), John Bartha (actor), Ennio Girolami (actor), Gilbert Roland (actor), Claudio Trionfi (actor), Horst Frank (actor), Ugo Guerra (producer), Françoise Prévost (actress), Alessandro Alessandroni (composer),
Plot: On his way back from the Civil War, Johnny Hamilton is visited in his sleep by the ghost of his father who lets him know that he has been murdered and who asks him to avenge him. Back in the family ranch, Johnny finds that not only has his father been killed but that Gertrude, his mother, has married her late husband's brother Claude. The latter is now the owner of the ranch and of all the properties of the deceased. Polonius, a ruthless bandit, is supposed to have killed Johnny's father. But couldn't it be Claude...?
Keywords: based-on-play, shakespeare's-hamlet, shootout-on-a-beach, spaghetti-western, street-shootout, tragedy