Call

Call may refer to:

In arts and entertainment

In science and technology

Computing

Telecommunications

Other uses in science and technology

In finance

Caller (dancing)

A caller is a person who prompts dance figures in such dances as line dance, square dance, and contra dance. The caller might be one of the participating dancers, though in modern country dance this is rare.

In round dance a person who performs this function is called a cuer. Their role is fundamentally the same as a caller, in that they tell dancers what to do in a given dance, though they differ on several smaller points. In northern New England contra dancing, the caller is also known as the prompter.

Comparing callers and cuers

Callers and cuers serve slightly different functions in different types of dance. Improvisation in modern Western square dance calling distinguishes it from the calling in many other types of dance.

Callers in many dance types are expected to sing and to be entertaining, but round dance cuers do not sing and are expected to be as unobtrusive as possible.

Standardized dances such as round dance, modern Western square dance, and Salsa Rueda consist of a number of defined difficulty levels. Callers and cuers are responsible for knowing all of the calls or cues (respectively), also known as figures, for the defined difficulty level at which their dancers are dancing, as well as all figures belonging to lower or easier levels.

Betting in poker

In the game of poker, the play largely centers on the act of betting, and as such, a protocol has been developed to speed up play, lessen confusion, and increase security while playing. Different games are played using different types of bets, and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms, but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players.

Procedure

Players in a poker game act in turn, in clockwise rotation (acting out of turn can negatively affect other players). When it is a player's turn to act, the first verbal declaration or action she takes binds her to her choice of action; this rule prevents a player from changing her action after seeing how other players react to her initial, verbal action.

Until the first bet is made each player in turn may "check," which is to not place a bet, or "open," which is to make the first bet. After the first bet each player may "fold," which is to drop out of the hand losing any bets they have already made; "call," which is to match the highest bet so far made; or "raise," which is to increase the previous high bet.

Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large.

A central concept of toxicology is that effects are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.

Types of toxicity

There are generally three types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, and physical:

Toxicity (disambiguation)

Toxicity is a measure of the degree to which something is toxic or poisonous. For related concepts, see:

Toxicity may also refer to:

See also

Toxicity (album)

Toxicity is the second studio album by the band System of a Down. The album was released on September 4, 2001 by Columbia Records and peaked at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the Canadian Albums Chart. Certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, the album sold at least 2,700,000 copies in the United States.

Commercial performance

Toxicity peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 220,000 copies in its first week of being released. The album also peaked at number 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart.Toxicity sold at least 2,700,000 copies in the United States and at least 12,000,000 copies worldwide. On November 27, 2002, the album was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

All of the album's singles reached the Billboard Hot 100: the single "Chop Suey!" peaked at number 76; the single "Toxicity" peaked at number 70 and the single "Aerials" peaked at number 55.

Critical reception