The City of
Detroit has gone through a major economic and demographic decline in recent decades. The population of the city has fallen from a high of 1,850,
000 in
1950 to
701,000 in
2013. The automobile industry in Detroit has suffered from global competition and has moved much of the remaining production out of Detroit. Some of the highest crime rates in the
United States are now those of Detroit, and huge areas of the city are in a state of severe urban decay. In 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in
U.S. history. On
December 10, 2014, the city successfully exited bankruptcy.
The
1970 census showed that whites still made up a majority of Detroit's population. However, by the
1980 census, whites had fled at such a large rate that the city had gone from 55 percent white to only 34 percent white in a decade. The decline was even more stark considering that when Detroit's population reached its all-time high in 1950, the city was 83 percent white.
Economist Walter E. Williams writes that the decline was sparked by the policies of Mayor
Young, who
Williams claims discriminated against whites.[29] In contrast, urban affairs experts largely blame federal court decisions which decided against
NAACP lawsuits and refused to challenge the legacy of housing and school segregation - particularly the case of
Milliken v. Bradley, which was appealed up to the
Supreme Court.[30]
The District Court in
Milliken had originally ruled that it was necessary to actively desegregate both Detroit and its suburban communities in one comprehensive program. The city was ordered to submit a “metropolitan” plan that would eventually encompass a total of fifty-four separate school districts, busing Detroit children to suburban schools and suburban children into Detroit.
The Supreme Court reversed this in
1974, maintaining the suburbs as a lily-white refuge from the city desegregation plan. In his dissent,
Justice William O. Douglas' argued that the majority's decision perpetuated " restrictive covenants" that “maintained
...black ghettos.” [31]
Gary Orfield and
Susan E.
Eaton, wrote that the "
Suburbs were protected from desegregation by the courts, ignoring the origin of their racially segregated housing patterns."
John Mogk, an expert in urban planning at
Wayne State University in Detroit, says, "
Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs
. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then
."[44]
Myron Orfield, director of the
Institute on
Metropolitan Opportunity at the
University of Minnesota, has said that
Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period
..Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems...A deeply segregated city is kind of a hopeless problem. It becomes more and more troubled and there are fewer and fewer solutions.[32]
The departure of middle class whites left blacks in control of a city suffering from an inadequate tax base, too few jobs, and swollen welfare rolls.[33] According to Chafets, "Among the nation’s major cities, Detroit was at or near the top of unemployment, poverty per capita, and infant mortality throughout the
1980s."[34]
Detroit became notorious for violent crime in the
1970s and 1980s. Dozens of violent black street gangs gained control of the city's large drug trade, which began with the heroin epidemic of the 1970s and grew into the larger crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and early
1990s. There were numerous major criminal gangs that were founded in Detroit and dominated the drug trade at various times; most were short-lived. They included The
Errol Flynns (east side),
Nasty Flynns (later the NF
Bangers) and
Black Killers and the drug consortiums of the 1980s such as
Young Boys Inc.,
Pony Down,
Best Friends,
Black Mafia Family and the
Chambers Brothers.[35] The
Young Boys were innovative, opening franchises in other cities, using youth too young to be prosecuted, promoting brand names, and unleashing extreme brutality to frighten away rivals.[36]
Several times during the 1970s and 1980s Detroit was named the arson capital of
America, and repeatedly the murder capital of America.
Often Detroit was listed by
FBI crime statistics as the "most dangerous city in America" during this time.
Crime rates in Detroit peaked in
1991 at more than 2,700 violent crimes per
100,000 people.[37]
Population decline left abandoned buildings that have become magnets for drugs, arson, and other crime. Such violent crimes has also pushed tourism away from the city, and several foreign countries even issued travel warnings for the city.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Detroit
- published: 25 Jul 2015
- views: 796