Benzalkonium chloride
IUPAC name benzyl-dimethyl-tridecyl-azanium chloride
Other names N-decyl-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (with n=10 for alkyl side chain)
Identifiers
CAS number	8001-54-5 Y
ChemSpider	8423 Y=
UNII	F5UM2KM3W7 Y
EC number	264-151-6
KEGG	D00857 Y
ATC code	D08AJ01, D09AA11 (dressing), R02AA16
InChI InChI=1S/C21H38N.ClH/c1-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-16-19-22(2,3)20-21-17-14-13-15-18-21;/h13-15,17-18H,4-12,16,19-20H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 Y Key: JBIROUFYLSSYDX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y
Properties
Molecular formula	variable
Molar mass	variable
Appearance	white or yellow powder; gelatinous lumps; colorless solution
Density	0.98 g/cm3
Solubility in water	very soluble
Hazards
EU classification	C, N [1]
R-phrases	R21/22, R34, R50 [1]
S-phrases	S36/37/39, S45, S61 [1]
NFPA 704	0 1 0
Flash point	250 °C
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Benzalkonium chloride, also known as alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and ADBAC, is a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides of various even-numbered^[2] alkyl chain lengths. This product is a nitrogenous cationic surface-acting agent belonging to the quaternary ammonium group. It has three main categories of use: as a biocide, a cationic surfactant and phase transfer agent in the chemical industry.

Properties[link]

Benzalkonium chloride is readily soluble in ethanol and acetone. Although dissolution in water is slow, aqueous solutions are easier to handle and are preferred. Solutions should be neutral to slightly alkaline, with colour ranging from colourless to a pale yellow. Solutions foam profusely when shaken, have a bitter taste and a faint almond-like odour which is only detectable in concentrated solutions.

Availability[link]

Standard concentrates are manufactured as 50% and 80% w/w solutions, and sold under trade names such as BC50, BC80, BAC50, BAC80, etc. The 50% solution is purely aqueous, while more concentrated solutions require incorporation of rheology modifiers (alcohols, polyethylene glycols, etc.) to prevent increases in viscosity or gel formation under low temperature conditions.

Applications[link]

The applications are extremely wide ranging, from disinfectant formulations, such as being an active ingredient in Dettol and Lysol brand products, to microbial corrosion inhibition in the oilfield sector, and a multi-surface mould, algae and moss remover.^[3] It is used in:

• Pharmaceuticals such as leave-on skin antiseptics
• Antiseptic in Bactine to safely treat childhood scrapes and cuts.
• Advanced, next-generation hand sanitizers
• Hygienic towelettes and wet wipes
• Cosmetics such as eye and nasal drops, as a preservative
• Cleaners for floor and hard surfaces as a disinfectant
• High-level surgical instrument sterilizing and disinfection solutions
• Air and surface sprayable disinfectants
• Over-the-counter herpes cold sore and fever blister single-application treatments such as RELEEV and Viroxyn
• Algaecide

Benzalkonium chloride and other alcohol-free solutions are often used in preparations used for skin disinfection prior to use of syringes.^{[citation needed]}

New generation, plant-derived versions are used in hand sanitizers that are more effective and safer than alcohol gels. As an antiseptic, it has the advantage of not burning when put on a wound, which is not the case with ethanol-based antiseptics or hydrogen peroxide. As the antiseptic in Bactine, benzalkonium chloride has been used safely for decades on childhood scrapes and cuts.

Biological activity[link]

The greatest biocidal activity is associated with the C12-C14 alkyl derivatives. The mechanism of bactericidal/microbicidal action is thought to be due to disruption of intermolecular interactions. This can cause dissociation of cellular membrane lipid bilayers, which compromises cellular permeability controls and induces leakage of cellular contents. Other biomolecular complexes within the bacterial cell can also undergo dissociation. Enzymes, which finely control a wide range of respiratory and metabolic cellular activities, are particularly susceptible to deactivation. Critical intermolecular interactions and tertiary structures in such highly specific biochemical systems can be readily disrupted by cationic surfactants.

Benzalkonium chloride solutions are fast-acting biocidal agents with a moderately long duration of action. They are active against bacteria and some viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Bacterial spores are considered to be resistant. Solutions are bacteriostatic or bactericidal according to their concentration. Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible than Gram-negative. Activity is not greatly affected by pH, but increases substantially at higher temperatures and prolonged exposure times. In a 1998 study utilizing the FDA protocol, a non-alcohol sanitizer utilizing the active ingredient benzalkonium chloride met the FDA performance standards, while Purell, a popular alcohol-based sanitizer, did not. The study found that a benzalkonium chloride-based sanitizer was the most favorable non-alcohol-based hand sanitizer.^[4] Advancements in the quality and efficacy of benzalkonium chloride in current non-alcohol hand sanitizers has addressed the CDC concerns regarding gram negative bacteria, with the leading products being equal if not more effective against gram negative, particularly NDM1 and other antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Newer formulations using benzalkonium blended with various quaternary ammonium derivatives can be used to extend the biocidal spectrum and enhance the efficacy of benzalkonium based disinfection products. This technique has been used to improve virucidal activity of quaternary ammonium-based formulations to healthcare infection hazards such as hepatitis, HIV, etc. Quaternary ammonium formulations are now the disinfectants of choice for hospitals. This is on account of user and patient safety even on contact with treated surfaces and the absence of harmful fumes. Benzalkonium solutions for hospital use tend to be neutral to alkaline, non-corrosive on metal surfaces, non-staining, and safe to use on all washable surfaces.

The use of appropriate supporting excipients can also greatly improve efficacy and detergency, and prevent deactivation under use conditions. Formulation requires great care, as benzalkonium solutions can readily be inactivated in the presence of organic and inorganic contamination. Solutions are incompatible with soaps, and must not be mixed with anionic surfactants. Hard water salts can also reduce biocidal activity. As with any disinfectant, it is recommended that surfaces are free from visible dirt and interfering materials for maximal disinfection performance by quaternary ammonium products.

Although hazardous levels are not likely to be reached under normal use conditions, benzalkonium and other detergents can pose a hazard to marine organisms. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants are effective at very low ppm levels, so excess use should be avoided.

Safety[link]

ADBAC is highly toxic to fish (LC₅₀ = 280 μg ai/L), very highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates (LC₅₀ = 5.9 μg ai/L), moderately toxic to birds (LD₅₀ = 136 mg/kg-bw), and slightly toxic to mammals (LD₅₀ = 430 mg/kg-bw).^[5] Benzalkonium chloride solutions of 10% or more are toxic to humans, causing irritation to the skin and mucosa, and death if taken internally.^[6]

Several studies have identified allergic reactions to benzalkonium chloride by some individuals^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]} but several studies have cast doubt on its reputation for other negative health effects.^[14][15] It is still widely used in eyewashes, nasal sprays, hand and face washes, mouthwashes, spermicidal creams, and in various other cleaners, sanitizers, and disinfectants. Manufacturers of over-the-counter artificial tears and eye washes became concerned about chemical sensitivity from long-term daily use and have in some products substituted EDTA as a preservative. Some have packaged eye drops in single-use vials with no preservative^[16] for sensitive eyes. There has also been concern that long-term use of benzalkonium as a preservative in nasal sprays may cause swelling of mucosa and lead to rhinitis medicamentosa. Although some studies have found no correlation between use of benzalkonium chloride in nasal sprays and rhinitis medicamentosa,^[17] others have found benzalkonium chloride in oxymetazoline nasal spray to worsen rhinitis medicamentosa in healthy volunteers after both long-term use^[18][19] and short-term use.^[20]

Contact lens solutions typically contain 0.002% to 0.01% benzalkonium chloride.^[21] K. C. Swan^[22] found that repeated use of benzalkonium chloride at concentrations of 1:5000 (0.02%) or stronger can denature corneal protein and cause irreversible damage to the eye. Swan also found that 0.04% to 0.05% solutions of benzalkonium chloride can cause punctures of the corneal epithelium. The disadvantages of using benzalkonium chloride solutions with contact lenses are also discussed in the literature.^{[23] [24]}

A disinfectant containing benzalkonium chloride and the related compound didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) has been identified as the most probable cause of birth defects and fertility problems in caged mice.^[25]

A 2009 study has found that benzalkonium chloride, when used in less than lethal concentrations, resulted in an increased resistance to the disinfectant solution, and a 256-fold increase in resistance of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the ciprofloxacin antibiotic, even though the bacterial colonies had not been previously exposed to the antibiotic.^[26]

See also[link]

• Stearalkonium chloride
• Polyaminopropyl biguanide, an alternative preservative for contact lens solutions

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Bernstein IL: Is the use of benzalkonium chloride as a preservative for nasal formulations a safety concern? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 Jan; 105(1 Pt 1): 39-44.
• Graf P: Adverse effects of benzalkonium chloride on the nasal mucosa: allergic rhinitis and rhinitis medicamentosa. Clin Ther 1999 Oct; 21(10): 1749-55.
• Graf P, Hallen H, Juto JE: Benzalkonium chloride in a decongestant nasal spray aggravates rhinitis medicamentosa in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp Allergy 1995 May; 25(5): 395-400.

External links[link]

• Nasal Saline Sprays - The Additives May Be the Problem
• Chemical Database

Khalifatul Masih V Leader of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin)
Khalifatul Masih V
Caliphate
April 22, 2003 to Present
Preceded by	Mirza Tahir Ahmad
Personal Information
Name	Mirza Masroor Ahmad
Born	(1950-09-15) September 15, 1950 (age 61) Rabwah, Pakistan
Spouse(s)	Sahibzadi Amatul Sabooh Begum (m. 1977)
Children	2
Residence	London, England
Alma mater	University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Talim-ul-Islam College
Parents	Mirza Mansoor Ahmad Sahibzadi Nasira Begum
Signature

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Ahmadiyya portal v t e

Mirza Masroor Ahmad (Arabic: ميرزا مسرور أحمد Urdu: مرزا مسرور احمد) (born September 15, 1950) is Khalifatul Masih V, the spiritual leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. He was elected as the fifth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on April 22, 2003, a few days after the death of his predecessor Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth Caliph for the Ahmadiiya Muslim Community. As the current Khalifatul Masih, Mirza Masroor Ahmad is guiding the Community through a time of widespread skepticism and animosity^{[citation needed]}towards Islam.

Early life[link]

Mirza Masroor Ahmad was born on September 15, 1950 in Rabwah, Pakistan, the global headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community at the time. Masroor Ahmad attended and graduated from Talim-ul-Islam High School and obtained his BA from Talim-ul-Islam College, both located in Rabwah. In 1976, Masroor earned his Master of Science degree in Agricultural Economics from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Ghana[link]

Having served the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in various capacities, Masroor Ahmad served in Ghana for over 8 years.^[1] He established the Ahmadiyya Secondary School in Salaga, a school in the northern region of Ghana, where he served as principal for 2 years. His success with the school in Salaga made him an obvious choice as principal of the Ahmadiyya Secondary School in Essarkyir, located in the centreal region of Ghana. There he served as principle for 4 years.^[1]

After his tenure as principal, Masroor Ahmad was appointed as the manager of the Ahmadiyya Agricultural Farm in Depali located in the northern region of Ghana where he served for two years. He successfully planted and nurtured wheat for the first time in Ghana. The experiment of planting, growing and nurturing wheat as an economic crop in Ghana was exhibited at an international trade fair and the results were submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture of Ghana.^[1][2]

Pakistan[link]

Shortly after serving in Ghana, Masroor Ahmad returned to Pakistan and was made responsible for finances on March 17, 1985. He also served as the Director of Education within the Community in Pakistan and on December 10, 1997 he was appointed as Nazir A'ala (Principle Director) and local president until his election as Khalifatul Masih.^[1]

Imprisonment[link]

In 1999, a resolution was presented in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab which demanded that the name of Rabwah be changed because that name appeared in the Qur'an. The resolution passed without much debate and the name of Rabwah was officially changed to Chenab Nagar. Signage was placed in prominent parts of Rabwah which bore the new name. A few days later, a F.I.R. (criminal complaint) was filed accusing certain members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for erasing a sign which bore the new name as well a passage from the Qur'an. Though the complaint didn't mention any names, a case was registered, resulting in the arrest of Masroor Ahmad and a few other senior members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. They were imprisoned for 11 days with their bails being rejected but were eventually released on May 10, 1999.^[1]

Caliphate[link]

Masroor Ahmad was elected as Khalifatul Masih V on April 22, 2003 at 11:40pm GMT, a few short days after the demise of his predecessor Mirza Tahir Ahmad. Imam Ataul Mujeeb Rashed, Secretary Majlis-e-Shura announced the results of the election that night as follows:

It is announced for the information of all members of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community that following the Maghrib and Isha prayers, the Majlis Intikhab Khilafat (the Electoral College) established by Hadrat Khalifatul Masih II, Musleh Maud (the Promised Reformer) convened at the Fazl Mosque London today, Tuesday 22nd April 2003, under the chairmanship of Respected Chaudhry Hameed Ullah Sahib. Pursuant to the rules and regulations, each member took an oath of allegiance to Khilafat-i-Ahmadiyya. After this, they elected the most respected Sahibzada Mirza Masroor Ahmad as Khalifatul Masih V. The members of the Majlis Intikhab Khilafat immediately had the honour of taking the pledge of initiation at the blessed hand of Hadhrat Amir al-Mu'minin Khalifatul Masih V, may Allah assist him with His Mighty help and Allah grant him a long life, and have also had the honour of meeting Hadhrat Amir al-Mu'minin.

Alhamdulillah. May Allah the Exalted in approval make this election most blessed. Ameen. Our Merciful and Gracious God! O our Noble and Loving Lord, we are grateful to You that You have bestowed us with Your Grace and the Second Manifestation and have once again changed our state of fear to that of peace. O our Possessor of Power and Authority and Self-Subsisting and All-Sustaining God, we bear witness that once again Your Messiah and Mahdi’s prophecy as stated in the journal Al-Wasiyyathas materialised with full glory and magnificence.^[1]

— Ataul Mujeeb Rashed, Secretary Majlis-e-Shura, After the election of Khalifatul Masih V on April 22, 2003

Today he frequently tours around the world, visiting countries for the Community's Jalsa Salanas (annual gatherings). Masroor Ahmad also regularly leads prayers at Fazl Mosque in London, England, the current global headquarters for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as well Friday prayers from Baitul Futuh Mosque, in Morden, London.^[1]

The Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper (left), sits next to Mirza Masroor Ahmad at the grand opening to the public of Baitun Nur, the largest mosque in Canada, on July 5, 2008

Caliphate Centenary[link]

On May 27, 2008, members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community celebrated the centenary anniversary of the establishment of Khilafat.^[3] Mirza Masroor Ahmad spoke at a large gathering of community members in the Excel Center in London, England and performed the International Bai'at with Ahmadis worldwide.^[4] This was relayed around the world via the Community's television channel, MTA with a live link up to Ahmadiyya, India, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and original global headquarters before the partition of India in 1947.^[5][6][7]

A Jalsa Salana celebrating the centenary anniversary of Khalifat was planned in Qadian for December, 2008. This gathering was to mark the end of celebrations of the centenary. However, due to the Mumbai bomb-blasts and the resulting security situation, Masroor Ahmad canceled his participation in the gathering at Qadian and returned to London.^[8]

Message of Peace to Pope Benedict XVI[link]

On December 6, 2011, Mirza Masroor Ahmad sent a direct message to Pope Benedict XVI calling for the Pope to use his influence to encourage religious tolerance and the establishment of human values throughout the world.^[9]

Advising Ahmadis of the harms of Facebook[link]

He in many of his sermons has cautioned Ahmadis against Facebook.^[10][11][12]

However in his own words, addressing a question by an Ahmadi girl about Facebook, he has stated that:

I have never forbidden Facebook for any Ahmadi. I have only stated that it should be utilized, if needed at all, with common sense and proper use that doesn't go against the teachings of Islam. It has more bad things in it than benefits. Those who want to hear my advice should act upon it as it is better for them, and those who choose to refuse it can refuse it if they wish.^[13]

— Mirza Masroor Ahmad

Warning of World War III and Message to Israel[link]

On March 5, 2012, Mirza Masroor Ahmad wrote letters to Israeli Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to avoid war between their countries and warning both the leaders that if this tension escalates it may turn toward World War III and involve nuclear weapons.^[14]

Discussion about a possible third world war is a repeated subject in his Friday Sermons of late 2011 and 2012, whereupon he went as far as to advise the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community to stockpile food for a month because he feels the war is imminent.^[15][16]

He also said in his epistle to Pope Benedict XVI on December 6, 2011 that:

Many small wars are going on in the world today and there is a need to stop them otherwise these could lead to a world war which could bring untold destruction. It is with regret that if we now observe the current circumstances of the world closely, we find that the foundation for another world war has already been laid. As a consequence of so many countries having nuclear weapons, grudges and enmities are increasing and the world sits on the precipice of destruction.^[17][18]

— Mirza Masroor Ahmad

Warnings to Iran, USA and Canada[link]

He later sent messages to President Barack Obama of the USA, Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada, and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran warning them of the destruction and ramifications of nuclear warfare, on March 25, 2012.^[19][20]

Condemning of Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia's Anti-Church Edict[link]

Khalifa of Islam condemning Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia's fatwa

On April 8, 2012, Mirza Masroor Ahmad condemned the fatwa (edict) of Abdul Aziz al-Shaikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia calling for the destruction of all churches in Saudi Arabia and surrounding Arab states.

I was shocked and very saddened to learn that Saudi Arabia’s Grand Mufti has called for all Churches in the region to be destroyed. What he has said is completely against the teachings of Islam and must be condemned absolutely. We find that the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) spent his entire life preaching peace, tolerance and justice. Thus there can be no other conclusion than to say that what the Grand Mufti has said is completely wrong and displays a complete lack of understanding of Islam on his part.^[21]

— Mirza Masroor Ahmad

He further quoted the Qur'an to justify his condemnation of the edict:

الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَهُدِّمَتْ صَوَامِعُ وَبِيَعٌ وَصَلَوَاتٌ وَمَسَاجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيرًا وَلَيَنْصُرَنَّ اللَّهُ مَنْ يَنْصُرُهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ

Those who have been driven out from their homes unjustly only because they said, ‘Our Lord is God’ — And if Allah did not repel some men by means of others, there would surely have been pulled down monasteries and churches and synagogues and mosques, wherein the name of God is oft commemorated. And Allah will surely help one who helps Him. Allah is indeed Powerful, Mighty

— ^{[Quran 22:40]}

Inauguration of Darul Amaan Mosque (Abode of Peace) in Manchester, UK[link]

Darul Amaan Mosque, Manchester, UK

On 27th April, 2012, Mirza Masroor Ahmad inaugurated Darul Amaan mosque in Manchester, UK, with the full support of the Manchester City Council.

The mosque is reportedly the second largest in Western Europe and can accommodate up to 2,000 worshippers.^[22]

Controversies[link]

Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy[link]

On September 12, 2006, while Pope Benedict XVI was lecturing at the University of Regensburg, he quoted the opinion of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached".^[23] The quotation drew criticism from a number of individual governmental representatives and Muslim religious leaders including Khalifatul Masih V Mirza Masroor Ahmad.

As the leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Masroor Ahmad disapproved of the Pope's view on Islam, stating that the Pope had been irresponsible and lacked knowledge of Islam. He explicated the 'inherent peaceful teachings of Islam' and the Qur'an and sought to remove misconceptions regarding Jihad and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, in light of references made by European writers in his Friday Sermon on September 15, 2006.^[24]

2010 Quran-burning controversy[link]

The plan to burn the Qur'an by the Dove World Outreach Center on the 9th anniversary of 9/11 attacks was highly condemned by Masroor Ahmad at the Baitul Futuh mosque in London, England. He stated that "religious extremism, be it Christian extremism, Muslim extremism or any other kind, is never a true reflection of the religion".^[25][26] The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community also held a "Faith Day" with representatives of other faiths as a response to the Qur'an burning.

2010 Ground Zero mosque controversy[link]

In 2010, plans were being made to build a 13-story Muslim community center located two blocks from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan, New York. Although the Park51 building would not be visible from the World Trade Center site,^[27] opponents of the project have said that establishing a mosque so close to Ground Zero would be offensive since the hijackers in the September 11, 2001 attacks were Islamic terrorists.

Mirza Masroor Ahmad commented on the plan to build a mosque near ground zero where he stated:

If a mosque is built at the proposed site, then the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community would like to see churches, synagogues, Hindu places of worship and places of worship of all other religions also built near Ground Zero. That would be a good example of how from an act of evil and terror has emerged unity and peace.^[28][29]

— Mirza Masroor Ahmad

Geert Wilders controversy[link]

Addressing Wilders directly, Mirza Masroor Ahmad said:

Listen carefully – You, your party and every other person like you will ultimately be destroyed. But the religion of Islam and the message of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) will remain forever. No worldly power, no matter how powerful and no matter how much hatred they bear towards Islam, will ever succeed in erasing our religion.^[30]

— Mirza Masroor Ahmad

In reply to the statement, Wilders asked Piet Hein Donner, Interior Minister of Holland if the government considered this a threat and if they would take any action against Ahmad. Donner replied that he saw no threat as Ahmad only threatened the destruction of Wilders through peaceful prayer and not violence, and that the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community worldwide are known to be peaceful.^[31]

Response to persecution[link]

Lahore Massacre[link]

On May 28, 2010, two Ahmadi mosques in Lahore, Pakistan came under attack from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Punjab wing. The attacks were carried out nearly simultaneously at Darul Al Zikr Mosque in Garhi Shahu and Bait Al Noor Mosque in Model Town, both 15 km apart. Ninety-four people were killed^[32] in the incident (including one attacker) with 108 injured.^[33] Another attacker was captured by the worshippers.

Mirza Masroor Ahmad issued two press releases urging members of the Community to exercise patience and prayers and that in response, 'no inappropriate action would be shown by any Ahmadi'.^[34] He subsequently delivered a Sermon giving details of the two attacks followed by a series of sermons^[35] in which he paid tribute to each of the martyrs, detailing their services to the Community.

Muslim Television Ahmadiyya[link]

Following the achievements of his predecessor Khalifatul Masih IV, Mirza Masroor Ahmad launched an additional two channels on Muslim Television Ahmadiyya: MTA 2 directs special programmes in European languages such as English and German while MTA Al Arabiya broadcasts to the Arabic speaking communities in Middle East, North Africa and North America.^[36]

Writings and speeches[link]

Several speeches delivered by Mirza Masroor Ahmad in the form of Friday Sermons or speeches given at Jalsa Salanas or other conferences have been compiled into book format. One such book is the "Conditions of Bai'at and Responsibilities of an Ahmadi" which details the importance of the Ten Conditions of Bai'at in reference to the teachings of the Qur'an and the practices of Islamic Prophet Muhammad.^[37]

Family, marriage and children[link]

Masroor Ahmad is the son of Mirza Mansoor Ahmad and the grandson of Mirza Shareef Ahmad, the son of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. His mother is Sahibzadi Nasira Begum, the eldest daughter of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Masroor Ahmad has two brothers: Mirza Idrees Ahmad (deceased) and Mirza Maghfoor Ahmad and two sisters: Amatul Qudoos and Amatul Raoof.

He married Sahibzadi Amatul Sabooh Begum, the daughter of Syed Daud Muzaffar Shah and Amtul Hakeem Begum (daughter of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad) on January 31, 1977. He has a daughter Amtul Waris Fateh and a son Mirza Waqas Ahmad.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mirza Masroor Ahmad

• Preaching peace and tolerance in the face of persecution
• Ahmadiyya Muslim Community International

Published sermons[link]

The following is a list of sermons of Khaliftul Masih V that have been published in book form:

• The Conditions of Bay'ah and the Responsibilities of an Ahmadi
• A Response to the Pope's Remarks about Islam
• The Blessed Model of Prophet Muhammad and the Caricatures
• Islam - A Peaceful Religion
• Exemplary Compassion of Prophet Muhammad
• Speeches and Articles in the Review of Religions

v t e Ahmadiyya topics Beliefs and practices Five Pillars of Islam Six articles of faith Qur'an Hadith Sunnah Distinct views Prophethood Jesus Jihad Evolution Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Prophecies Claims Writings Death Literature Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam Jesus in India Noor-ul-Haq Victory of Islam Malfoozat Tafseer-e-Kabeer Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Successors of the Messiah: I II III IV V Jalsa Salana Mosques MTA International Miscellaneous Persecution Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement Category:Ahmadiyya Portal:Ahmadiyya