Chagatai Khanate

Abdullah (Chagatai Khanate) Top # 9 Facts

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Duration: 1:13
Updated: 29 Oct 2015
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Abdullah (Chagatai Khanate) Top # 9 Facts

wn.com/Abdullah (Chagatai Khanate) Top 9 Facts

Growth of the Mongol Empire, 1206-1294 ✔

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Duration: 1:02
Updated: 22 Feb 2013
views: 50554

Animated map showing the territorial expansion of the Mongol Empire The animation covers the the period 1206 to 1294, starting with the founding of the Mongol empire by Genghis Khan, his death in 1227, through to the rule of his grandson Kublai Khan (1260--1294) and the breakup of the empire into four Khanates - The Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate and the Yuan Dynasty (Great Khanate). Modern day political borders are overlayed for reference. Credits: Based on maps by Astrokey44, Wikipedia. Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 Music: Kevin MacLeod, "Firesong" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0

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Genghis Khan vs Muslims

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Duration: 7:46
Updated: 20 Apr 2015
views: 3310

When Genghis Khan let himself loose on the Khwarizm Empire in 1219 (Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran), the subsequent events were so traumatic for the Islamic World that the word "holocaust" has sometimes been used to describe it. Genghis' Mongols were a league apart in their fighting abilities, and upon conquest many cities in the Eastern Islamic world were ravaged by them - including cities with such religious importance as Samarkhand and Bukhara. The armies of Allah had never encountered defeats like the Mongols were inflicting on them. Sure the Crusaders had captured a few territories in the "Holy Land", but those victories were because there wasn't a strong Muslim force to counter them. That was not the case with the Khwarizm Shah, who at first glance should have been more than a match for Genghis. Anyway, he wasn't and that was a big psychological blow to the Islamic World. Writers of the time thought the end of world was near. However, from the ashes of this destruction would rise the eventual Islamisation of the entire Mongol Empire, outside of China and Mongolia. There was never a big top-down decision coming from the Great Khan that all the Mongols would convert to Islam. Eventually 3 of the 4 Khanates that formed the Mongol Empire would adopt Islam as the state religion but this process was more like a series of events, all only partly related to each other. First a quick introduction to the geographic spread of the Mongol Empire around this period. We have 4 Khanates or Hordes: The Golden Horde (think Russia, Ukraine, Black Sea region, the Caucasus). The Ilkhanate (Iran and Iraq) The Chagatai Khanate (the 5 Central Asian republics) The Yuan dynasty (China - converted to Buddhism, not Islam) The first to convert was Berke Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan and the Khan of the Golden Horde (which ruled parts of Russia and the Caucasus), in 1252. Nothing about Berke's conversion suggests that it was for political purposes. Moreover, though he did persuade his brother to also convert to Islam, there was no widespread conversion of the Mongol leadership in the Golden horde at this time. (For the purposes of this discussion we can assume the Golden horde, the Blue horde, the White horde and Kipchuk Khanate are all the same thing). However Berke's conversion did have one big political consequence. It led to him allying with a Muslim kingdom against a fellow Mongol Khan. Hulagu Khan, another grandson of Genghis, ruled the Ilkhanate - essentially the former Persian Khwarizm empire. Hulagu's mandate from the Great Khan (his brother Mongke, who Berke helped make Great Khan in 1251), was to move southwest and subjugate the rest of the Islamic world. As part of this effort he destroyed Baghdad, and the Abbasid Caliphate, and killed the Caliph himself - all in particularly brutal fashion. Berke, a new and devout Muslim, was very upset. This was in 1257-58. In 1259, Mongke Khan died, and Hulagu had to go back to Mongolia (with most of his army) to elect a new Great Khan. In Hulagu's absence the Mumluks of Egypt managed to destroy the Mongol army left behind (at the famous battle of Ain Jalut). When Hulagu finally came back in 1261, Berke had allied with the Mamluks, and started instigating Hulagu till war broke out between them in 1262 (Berke–Hulagu war). This war permanently halted Mongol expansion in the Middle East. Eventually, Ghazan Khan (Ghazan), a descendant of Hulagu, performs a political conversion to Islam in 1295. He was constantly at war with the Muslim Mamluks, and a majority of his own subjects were Muslim, so political expediency would have likely played a big role in this conversion. The Ilkhanate was firmly Muslim from this point on. Berke Khan's Golden Horde, on the other hand, hung on to Genghis' original secular principles till Oz-Beg, a Mongol convert to Islam, took the throne in 1313, and adopted Islam as the state religion. This leaves us the Chagatai Khanate, which comprises approximately what are today the 5 Central Asian republics. The Chagatai Khanate had a ruler (Mubarak Shah) who converted to Islam as early as 1256, but later rulers would renounce Islam and move back to the older beliefs. Tarmashirin Khan, in 1331, tried to take the Khanate back to Islam. He was essentially killed for his efforts, and the Khanate collapsed soon after. Eventually Timur took over this region. They don't come more fanatic than Timur, and he made sure everyone converted to Islam. http://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Mongols-embrace-Islam

wn.com/Genghis Khan Vs Muslims

Chagatai Khanate

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Duration: 7:02
Updated: 31 Dec 2015
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Chagatai Khanate =======Image-Copyright-Info======== License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0) LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Author-Info: I utqoreli I Vectorized by Magasjukur2 Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chagatai_khanate.svg =======Image-Copyright-Info======== ☆Video is targeted to blind users Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA image source in video

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What Is The Chagatai language?

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Duration: 4:37
Updated: 06 Sep 2015
views: 204

Chagatai (جغتای Jağatāy) is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia, and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century. It was also spoken by the early Mughal rulers in the Indian subcontinent, where it influenced the development of Hindustani. Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan, Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek", which Edward A. Allworth argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as the 15th-century author Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity. Early development of the language is sometime known as Middle Turkic, or even simply Turki. The word Chagatai relates to the Chagatai Khanate (1225 –1680s), a descendant empire of the Mongol Empire left to Genghis Khan's second son, Chagatai Khan. Many of the Chagatai Turks and Tatars, who were the speakers of this language, claimed descent from Chagatai Khan. History Chagatai belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family. It is descended from the Old Turkic language that served as a lingua franca in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of Arabic and Persian words and turns of phrase. Its literary form was based on two earlier literary Middle Turkic languages, Karakhanid and Khorezmian. It can be divided into three periods: Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465) Classical Chagatai (1465–1600) Post-classical Chagatai (1600–1921) The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase starts with the publication of Ali-Shir Nava'i's first Divan and is the highpoint of Chagatai literature, followed by the third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is the preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other trend is the increasing influence of the dialects of the local spoken languages. The Chagatai Turkic language lived its heyday under the Timurid dynasty. Chagatai remained the universal literary language of Central Asia until the Soviet reforms of the early 20th century, and had a marked influence on the development of the Hindustani language. Influence on later Turkic languages Uzbek and Uyghur are the two modern languages most closely related to Chagatai. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their own language and claim Chagatai literature as their own. In 1921 in Uzbekistan, then a part of the Soviet Union, Chagatai was replaced by a literary language based on a local Uzbek dialect. The so-called Berendei, a 12th-century nomadic Turkic people possibly related to the Cumans, seem also to have spoken Chagatai. Ethnologue records the use of the word "Chagatai" in Afghanistan to describe the "Tekke" dialect of Turkmen. Up to and including the eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in Turkmenistan as elsewhere in Central Asia. While it had some influence on Turkmen, the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family. Literature The most famous of the Chagatai poets is Ali-Shir Nava'i, who – among his other works – wrote Muhakamat al-Lughatayn, a detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages, in which he argued for the superiority of the former. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works, Timur's biography is written in Chagatai Turkic, as is also the famous Baburnama (or Tuska Babure) of Babur, the Timurid founding the Mughal Empire. Important works continued to be written in the Chagatai language into the early twentieth century. Among them are Musa Sayrami's Tārīkh-i amniyya (completed 1903) and its revised version Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi (completed 1908), representing the best sources on the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in Xinjiang. Chagatai literature is still studied in modern Turkey and regarded as part of the Turkic heritage.

wn.com/What Is The Chagatai Language

THIS IS UYGHUR

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Duration: 8:12
Updated: 28 Jun 2008
views: 60939

Uyghur (also known as Uighur, Uygur, Uigur, Weiwuer) is a member of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family.It is spoken by 7.2 million people in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwest China, also known as Chinese Turkestan, Eastern Turkistan, or Uyghuristan. Its capital is Ürümqi. It is also spoken by some 300,000 people in Kazakhstan. In addition, there are Uyghur-speaking communities in most countries of Central Asia, as well as in the United States and United Kingdom. The total population of Uyghur speakers around the world is estimated at 7.6 million people (Ethnologue). In ancient times, the Uyghurs lived in an area of present-day Mongolia, where they had established a state which existed until 840 AD when it was defeated by Kyrgyz invaders. After their defeat, some Uyghurs moved to Ordos in northern China. They are believed to be the ancestors of Yugur, or Yellow Uyghurs, whose language is different from Uyghur. A much larger group of Uyghurs moved to Turfan in northeastern China, where they established another state which endured until the 15th century. These people spoke what is now the Turfan and Qashgar dialects of Uyghur. Following the establishment of the Central Asian kingdom Chagatai Khanate, the term Uyghur gradually disappeared. The official language was Chagatai, an artificial literary language based on Uyghur and Uzbek. The term Uyghur re-appeared in 1921 when it was officially re-eastablished as the name of the Uyghur people. Standard Modern Uyghur differs from the Uyghur spoken before the establishment of the Chagatai Khanate. In the 19th century, large numbers of Uyghurs from different parts of Eastern Turkestan settled in areas along the Ili River. Their dialect arose from a mixture of the varieties spoken by the new settlers and the local Ili variety that played a dominant role in the formation of modern standard Uyghur. http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/march/Uyghur.html

wn.com/This Is Uyghur

Timur - Tamerlane - The Turkish Mongolian Nemesis Of The Ottoman Empire

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Duration: 34:51
Updated: 09 Feb 2014
views: 39590

Timur, Tarmashirin Khan, Emir Timur, Timur Beg Gurkhani (Persian: تیمور‎ Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 9 April 1336 -- 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (Persian: تيمور لنگ‎ Timūr(-e) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turko-Mongol ruler of Barlas lineage. He conquered West, South and Central Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur Beg, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled parts of South Asia for around four centuries, from 1526 until 1857. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. As a means of legitimating his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the Sword of Islam and patronizing educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic. During his lifetime Timur emerged as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi. Timur also decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at Smyrna, styling himself a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty. Timur's armies were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which were laid waste by his campaigns. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population, leading to a predominantly barbaric legacy. Timur is also recognized as a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with Muslim intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru. Timur was born in Transoxiana, near the City of Kesh (an area now better known as Shahrisabz, "the green city"), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand in modern day Uzbekistan, part of the Chagatai Khanate. His father, Taraqai, was a minor noble belonging to the Barlas tribe. The Barlas, who were originally a Mongol tribe that became Turkified. According to Gérard Chaliand, Timur was a Muslim but he saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. Though not a Chinggisid, he clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. At the age of eight or nine, Timur and his mother and brothers were carried as prisoners to Samarkand by an invading Mongol army. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. At around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries caused him to be crippled for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in Khorasan in what is known today as Dasht-i Margo (Desert of Death) in south-west Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the name of Timur the Lame or Tamerlane by Europeans. Timur was a Muslim, but while his chief official religious counsellor and advisor was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular persuasion is not known. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Barakah, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahlul Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Alid" stance.Despite this, Timur was noted for attacking Shiites on Sunni grounds and therefore his own religious inclinations remain unclear. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and a tactician, with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligent- not only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars was able to learn Persian, Mongolian, and Turkic languages. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the law and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims

wn.com/Timur Tamerlane The Turkish Mongolian Nemesis Of The Ottoman Empire

Tamerlane - Wiki Videos

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Duration: 2:04
Updated: 29 Oct 2015
views: 11

Timur (died 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. He was also the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana during the 1320s or 1330s, Timur gained control of the Western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. Read more here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur Watch similar videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVTxyJV-b3NaeyydaV-A67uPXJ1shaTQP See more from Wiki Videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9pZsh1JbkZDC1LiwOHjwuQ/feed Follow us on Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/WikiVideoProductions Follow us on Twitter : https://twitter.com/VideosWiki Our Website : www.wvprod.com This video is the sole and exclusive property of WV Production Limited. WikiVideos and all related characters and elements are trademarks of and © 2015 WV Production Limited. All rights reserved.

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Kebek

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Duration: 4:19
Updated: 12 Jan 2016
views: 1

Kebek Kebek (died 1325/1326) was khan of the Chagatai Khanate from 1309 until 1310, and again from c. -Video is targeted to blind users Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA image source in video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHFjs3XduRA

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Timurids after the death of Tamerlane & its decline in 1506

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Duration: 6:56
Updated: 04 May 2014
views: 233

Timur was born in Transoxiana, near the City of Kesh (an area now better known as Shahrisabz, "the green city"), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand in modern-day Uzbekistan, part of the Chagatai Khanate.[21] His father, Taraqai, was a minor noble belonging to the Barlas tribe.[21] The Barlas, who were originally a Mongol tribe[22][23] that became Turkified.[24][25][26] According to Gérard Chaliand, Timur was a Muslim[27] but he saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.[27] Though not a Chinggisid or a descendent of Genghis Khan,[28] he clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime.[29] At the age of eight or nine, Timur and his mother and brothers were carried as prisoners to Samarkand by an invading Mongol army.[30] In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.[31] At around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries caused him to be crippled for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in Khorasan in what is known today as Dasht-i Margo (Desert of Death) in south-west Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the name of Timur the Lame or Tamerlane by Europeans.[32] Timur was a Muslim, but while his chief official religious counsellor and advisor was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular persuasion is not known. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Barakah, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e Amir.[33][34][35] Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahlul Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Alid" stance.[36] Despite this, Timur was noted for attacking Shiites on Sunni grounds and therefore his own religious inclinations remain unclear.

wn.com/Timurids After The Death Of Tamerlane Its Decline In 1506

TÜRKISTAN [ Part 2/2 ] ,,Xīnjiāng,شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى

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Duration: 4:03
Updated: 10 Sep 2008
views: 53183

Tugan yak (Väsilä Fättaxoba) Tugan yakka yul totamın, tugan yak, tugan yak Iñ guzyal gaziz yakka, tugan yak, tugan yak Cir cilyaklyare peşkyan yak, tugan yak, tugan yak Aşıgam kaenlıka, tugan yak, tugan yak. Chorus: Talpına kunel, talpına, aşkına, Yarsuına tuz, tuz genä; Kaenlıkta ciläk peşkän Tiz urelep öz genä. Çäçäklärneñ inidne yuk, tugan yak, tugan yak Xuş isle allı gölle, tugan yak, tugan yak Bu yaklarga berkaydada, tugan yak, tugan yak Xiç tinnär bulmas tösle, tugan yak, tugan yak Chorus. Kaenlıkta sayrıy koşlar, sayrıy, sayrıy koşlar, Ber tuktamıy özderep, özderep, özderp; Ozaklamam kaytırmın min kaytırmın, kaytırmın Torop bulmas kötterep köterep, köterep. Chorus. Tengri Tanri Allah God * Azerbaijan * Kazakhstan * Kyrgyzstan * Turkmenistan * Turkey * Uzbekistan * Turkish Republic of N.Cyprus Turkestan has a rich history, dating back to the third millennium BC. Many artifacts were produced in that period, and much trade was conducted. The region was a focal point for cultural diffusion, as the Silk Road traversed it. Turkestan covers the area of Central Asia that corresponded to eastern Scythia, Transoxania and Greater Khorasan in Antiquity, and acquired its "Turkic" character from the 4th to 6th centuries AD with the incipient Turkic expansion. Turkic sagas, such as the Ergenekon legend, and written sources such as the Orkhon Inscriptions state that Turkic peoples originated in the nearby Altay Mountains, and, through nomadic settlement, started their long journey westwards. Successive external powers have held the region. Greeks, under Alexander the Great, held the area from 327 BC to 150 BC. Huns conquered the area after they conquered Kashgaria in the early 2nd century BC. With the dissolution of the Huns' empire, Chinese rulers took over Eastern Turkestan[1]. Arab forces captured it in the 8th century. The Persian Samanid dynasty subsequently conquered it and the area experienced economic success[1]. The entire territory was held at various times by Turkic forces, such as the Göktürks until the conquest by Genghis Khan and the Mongols in 1220. Khan gave the territory to his son, Chagatai and the area became the Chagatai Khanate[1]. Tamerlane took over the area in 1369 and the area became the Timurid Empire[1].

wn.com/Türkistan Part 2 2 ,,Xīnjiāng,شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى

[Documentary] Consequences of Nuclear testing in Xinjiang, China.

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Duration: 26:50
Updated: 23 Mar 2014
views: 1840

More than three decades of nuclear testing at Lop Nor testing site in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), People‟s Republic of China (PRC), are gravely affecting the right to health of predominantly Uyghur communities in the region. It is of the utmost importance to start to address the neglected environmental and health impact of radioactive contamination for the Uyghur people, and to guarantee their right to health which is a fundamental part of every person´s human rights and the enjoyment of a dignified life. Human rights are interdependent, indivisible and interrelated. This means that violating the Uyghurs‟ right to health impairs the enjoyment of other human rights, such as the rights to adequate medical care and necessary social services, and the right to information. This' what communism has brought to the mankind: Death, Hunger and Oppression. Tags: Xinjiang (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ‎, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng), officially Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,[3] is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in the northwest of the country. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region. It is home to a number of ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Tajiks, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol, with a majority of the population adhering to Islam.[4] More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan.[5] Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.[6] With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of peoples and empires has vied for control over all or parts of this territory. Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the Tocharians, Yuezhi, Xiongnu Empire, Xianbei state, Kushan Empire, Rouran Khaganate, Han Empire, Former Liang, Former Qin, Later Liang, Western Liáng, Rouran Khaganate, Tang Dynasty, Tibetan Empire, Uyghur Khaganate, Kara-Khitan Khanate, Mongol Empire, Yuan Dynasty, Chagatai Khanate, Moghulistan, Northern Yuan, Yarkent Khanate, Dzungar Khanate, Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and, since 1950, the People's Republic of China. East Turkestan (also Eastern Turkistan, Chinese Turkestan, and other variants) is a political term with multiple meanings depending on context and usage. Historically, the term was invented by Russian Turkologists in the 19th century to replace the term Chinese Turkestan, which referred to the Tarim Basin in the southwestern part of Xinjiang province of the Qing Dynasty. The medieval Arab toponym "Turkestan" and its derivatives were not used by the local population of the greater region, and China had its own name for an overlapping area since the Han Dynasty as Xiyu, with the parts controlled by China termed Xinjiang from the 18th century onward. The historical Uyghur name is Qurighar[citation needed] (西域; today, Qurighar Uyghur is co-used with Shinjang Uyghur by Uyghurs). Starting in the 20th century, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan (or "Uyghurstan") as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang, or for a future independent state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. They reject the name of Xinjiang because of an allegedly Chinese perspective reflected in the name and prefer East Turkestan to emphasize connection to other westerly Turkic groups. However, even in nationalist writing, East Turkestan retained its older, more narrow geographical meaning. In China, the term has negative connotations because of its origins in European colonialism and present use by militant groups. The government of China actively discourages its use.

wn.com/Documentary Consequences Of Nuclear Testing In Xinjiang, China.

Top 10 Largest Cities or Towns of Tajikistan

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Duration: 1:01
Updated: 11 Oct 2014
views: 1243

Thanks for watching.... 1. Dushanbe 2. Khujand 3. Kulob 4. Qurghonteppa 5. Istaravshan 6. Vahdat 7. Konibodom 8. Tursunzoda 9. Isfara 10. Panjakent Music : Talk to Me,Jingle Punks; YouTube Audio Library Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked sovereign country in Central Asia. With an estimated 8 million people in 2013, it is the 98th most populous country and with an area covering 143,100 km2 (55,251 sq mi), it is the 96th largest country in the world in terms of area. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm[8] of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the break up of the Soviet Union Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence that lasted from 1992 to 1997 however since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Most of Tajikistan's 8 million people belong to the Tajik ethnic group, who speak Tajik, a dialect of Modern Persian, although many people also speak Russian. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country. It has a transition economy that is dependent on aluminum and cotton production, its economy is the 126th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 136th largest in terms of nominal GDP. Cultures in the region have been dated back to at least the 4th millennium BCE, including the Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, the Andronovo cultures and the pro-urban site of Sarazm, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers. The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. The Samanid Empire supplanted the Arabs and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both of which are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Tajiks. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region. The Tang dynasty also ruled Tajikistan as a protectorate, from 657 to 800. During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the rule of the Chagatai Khanate. Tamerlane created the Timurid dynasty and took control of the region in the 14th century. Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan

wn.com/Top 10 Largest Cities Or Towns Of Tajikistan

铁木真成吉思汗 Oriental pacifier

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Duration: 5:33
Updated: 19 May 2012
views: 1682

Temujin,son of yesugei descended from kabul khan, is one of the most famous conqueror of the world. Seeing mongolia torn/separated by constant warfares between various different tribes, temujin of Borjigin clan , seek to unify mongolia by defeating rival tribes such as onggirats, Naimans, merkids and tayidchi'uds. When his clan was attacked by the rival tartars, he lst seek refuge with the keraits and submit to them as vassal, he served under Ong/wang khan[Toghrul ]. He made use of the powerful keraits to attack his previous enemies to revenge for his Borjigin clan.Later he turned against his own overlord and he defeated his sworn bro Jamukha for ruling the confedation of mongolia. When temujin unified mongolia and call himself genghis great khan, he managed to recruit many valiant warrior such as tayidchi'ud muhuali, jebe, subutai,chilaun. After reunification of mongolia, temujin went on to conquer kara khitai(west liao) ousted warlord kushluq from khitan uyghur region. He went on to attack persia, jin state of manchurian jurchen clan(nuzhen tribe) and xi xia(tangut state ruled by qiang tribes), paving the way for his descendents to conquer central plains in china. After genghis died while campaigning in xi xia, his 3rd son ogedai succeeded him as great khan. The mongols went on to attack korea & mid-east. His generals, jebe & subotai managed to led a mongol skirmish force to defeat the kievan Russians at khalka , sack kiev, seeking opportunity to advance to europe for raids. Soon his vast empire is divided into khanates ruled by his descendants. His 1st son jochi ruled the golden horde at the east european region near russia.Jochi 's son batu khan went on to expand the golden horde influence to poland,bohemia, and near austria, part of christian holy roman empire.The mongols carry on enroaching the border of hungary and invading eastern europe. Temujin 2nd son Chagatai established the chagatai khanate near the central asia while genghis's descendent hulagu went on to attack mid east.Hulagu later convert to muslim & set up the ilkhanate near mid east. Genghis sons ogedai & tolui continued to conquer the jin dynasty.The Jurchens were already weakened after the battle of sanfeng mountains.The mongols also propose an alliance with southern song to attack the nuzhens. The Song chinese were at constant warfare with Jin & xi xiao. They accepted the mongols as allies and helped the mongols to attack their enemy,Jins to avenge the jingkang era shame due to their defeat by the jurchen at bianjing[kaifeng] during the reign of northern song dynasty emperor huizong & song qinzong. In AD1234, the south song dynasty & mongols forces besieged jin capital zhongdu beijing @ youzhou.The last king of jin dynasty,jin ai di committed suicide & the Jin dynasty founded by wanyan aguda came to an end in AD1234. After Jin fell, mongols devised plan to secretly attack the Han chinese south sung dynasty. After ogedai & tolei died, guyuk khan beome the great khan.After guyuk death, there is a internal conflict between the heirs to take the mongolian throne. Tolui's son kubilai helped his bro Mongke to take the throne.Mengke became great khan & his mongol troops went on to raid southwest china. However,mongke was fatally injured during a campaign in szechuan, the throne was passed to mongke's bro, kubilai khan. Kubilai went on to conquer the whole south Song dynasty at jiangnan,[ lin-an/ hangzhou] in AD1279.He established the yuan dynasty(AD1271-1368) & ruled as great khan.During pax mongolia, the mongols protect the silk route from orient to the west and establish trade with byzantines, africa muslim egypt. Genghis khan & his descendents founded the largest empire that span thru the whole eurasian continent. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan

wn.com/铁木真成吉思汗 Oriental Pacifier

Mahmud Ghazan (1271--1304) pros and cons last part and decline of Illkhanate in 1335

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Duration: 12:00
Updated: 02 May 2014
views: 105

Relationship with other Mongol khanates Ghazan eased the troubles with the Golden Horde, but the Ögedeids and Chagataids in Central Asia continued to pose a serious threat to both the Ilkhanate and his overlord and ally the Great Khan in China. When Ghazan was crowned, the Chagatayid Khan Duwa invaded Khorasan in 1295. Ghazan sent two of his relatives against the army of Chagatai Khanate but they deserted. When the traitors were captured and executed, some other notable Mongol nobles began to leave his side. Baltu of the Jalayir and Sulemish of the Oirat revolted against the Ilkhan's rule in Turkey in 1296 and 1299. Sulemish welcomed the Egyptian Mamluks to Anatolia, which postponed Ghazan's plan to invade Syria, though two Mongol rebels were defeated by Ghazan. A large group of the Oirats fled Syria, defeating the contingent sent by Ghazan in 1296. Along with those rebellions, invasions of the Neguderis of the Chagatai Khanate caused difficulties to Ghazan's military operations in Syria. Ghazan maintained strong ties with the Great Khan of the Yuan and the Golden Horde. In 1296 Temür Khan, the successor of the Kublai Khan, dispatched a military commander Baiju to Mongol Persia.[20] Five years later Ghazan sent his Mongolian and Persian retainers to collect income from Hulagu's holdings in China. While there, they presented tribute to Temür and were involved in cultural exchanges across Mongol Eurasia.[21] Ghazan also called upon other Mongol Khans to unite their will under the Temür Khan, in which he was supported by Kaidu's enemy Bayan Khan of the White Horde. Chinese physicians were present at Ghazan's cour

wn.com/Mahmud Ghazan (1271 1304) Pros And Cons Last Part And Decline Of Illkhanate In 1335

Who Is The Turkish Warlord Timur Lenk / Tamerlane?

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Duration: 34:50
Updated: 22 May 2015
views: 673

Timur, Timur Lenk, Tarmashirin Khan, Emir Timur, Timur Beg Gurkhani (Persian: تیمور‎ Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (Persian: تيمور لنگ‎ Timūr(-e) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turko-Mongol ruler of Barlas lineage. He conquered West, South and Central Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur Beg, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled parts of South Asia for around four centuries, from 1526 until 1857. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. As a means of legitimating his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the Sword of Islam and patronizing educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic. During his lifetime, Timur emerged as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi. Timur also decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at Smyrna, styling himself a Ghazi. By the end of his reign, Timur had also gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty.[citation needed] Timur's armies were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which were laid waste by his campaigns. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population, leading to a predominantly barbaric legacy. Timur is also recognized as a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with Muslim intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru. Timur was born in Transoxiana, near the City of Kesh (an area now better known as Shahrisabz, "the green city"), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand in modern-day Uzbekistan, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His father, Taraqai, was a minor noble belonging to the Barlas tribe. The Barlas were originally a Mongol tribe that became Turkified. According to Gérard Chaliand, Timur was a Muslim but he saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. Though not a Chinggisid or a descendent of Genghis Khan, he clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. At the age of eight or nine, Timur and his mother and brothers were carried as prisoners to Samarkand by an invading Mongol army. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. In around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries caused him to be crippled for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in Khorasan in what is known today as Dasht-i Margo (Desert of Death) in south-west Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the name of Timur the Lame or Tamerlane by Europeans. Timur was a Muslim, but while his chief official religious counselor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular beliefs are not known. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Barakah, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahlul Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Alid" stance. Despite this, Timur was noted for attacking Shiites on Sunni grounds and therefore his own religious inclinations remain unclear. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and a tactician, with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligent - not only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkic languages. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the law and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.

wn.com/Who Is The Turkish Warlord Timur Lenk Tamerlane

Kaidu

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Duration: 6:13
Updated: 16 Jan 2016
views: 1

Kaidu Kaidu (Mongolian: ᠺᠠᠶᠳᠣ Qaidu, Cyrillic: Хайду; Chinese: 海都; pinyin: Hǎidū) (1230–1301) was the leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. =======Image-Copyright-Info======== License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0) LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Author-Info: Bahatur Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaidu's_tamga.png =======Image-Copyright-Info======== -Video is targeted to blind users Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA image source in video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J17tTCQBOoE

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A Closer Look To The History Of Transoxiana

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Duration: 4:09
Updated: 18 May 2015
views: 167

transoxiana (also spelled Transoxania), known in Arabic and Persian sources as Mawarannahr (Arabic: ماوراء النهر‎ mā warāʔa an-nahr "what (is) beyond the (Oxus) river"), is the ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan. Geographically, it is the region between the Amu Darya (Ancient Greek: Ώξος Ōxos) and Syr Darya rivers. The area had been known to the Romans as Transoxania (Land beyond the Oxus), to the Arabs as Mawarannahr (Land Beyond the River), and to the Iranians as Turan, a term used in the Persian national epic Shahnameh. The region was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under the name Sogdiana. History The name Transoxiana stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of Alexander the Great, who extended Greek culture into the region with his conquests of the 4th century BC; Transoxiana was the most north-eastern point of the Hellenistic culture until the Arabic invasion. During the Sassanid Empire, it was often called Sogdiana, a provincial name taken from the Achaemenid Empire, and used to distinguish it from nearby Bactria. The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Parthia along with Transoxiana in 126 BC, made the first known Chinese report on this region. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilisation that farmed grain and grapes, made silver coins and leather goods. It was ruled successively by Seleucids, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Parthian Empire and Kushan Empire before Sassanid rule. In Sassanid times, the region became a major cultural and scientific centre due to effective royal authority and the wealth derived from the Northern Silk Road. Sassanid rule was interrupted by the Hephthalite invasion at the end of the 5th century and didn't return to the Sassanids until 565. Many Persian nobles and landlords escaped to this region after the Muslim invasion. Before the Muslim invasion it was also ruled by Gokturks. Following the Arab conquest, the area became known as Ma wara'un-Nahr (Arabic, "what is beyond the river"). Transoxiana's major cities and cultural centres are Samarkand and Bukhara. Both are in the southern portion of Transoxiana, (though still to the north of the Amu Darya itself, on the river Zeravshan), and the majority of the region was dry but fertile plains. Both cities remained centres of Persian culture and civilisation after the Islamic conquest of Iran, and played a crucial role in the revival of Persian culture with establishment of the Samanid dynasty. Part of this region was conquered by Qutayba ibn Muslim between 706 and 715 and loosely held by the Umayyads from 715 to 738. The conquest was consolidated by Nasr ibn Sayyar between 738 and 740, and continued under the control of the Umayyads until 750, when it was replaced by the Abbasids. The Tang Dynasty also controlled the eastern part of the region until about the same time, when a civil war occurred. Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in 1219 during his conquest of Khwarezm. Before his death in 1227, he assigned the lands of Western Central Asia to his second son Chagatai, and this region became known as the Chagatai Khanate. In 1369, Timur, of the Barlas tribe, became the effective ruler and made Samarkand the capital of his future empire. Transoxiana was known to be flourishing in the mid-14th century.

wn.com/A Closer Look To The History Of Transoxiana

Victoria II - Divergences of Darkness: Novgorod [2]

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Duration: 20:35
Updated: 02 Aug 2015
views: 27

We set our sights on the Nogai and Chagatai Khanates! Part 2 of a series featuring Novgorod in the Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness mod, 'Divergences of Darkness' featuring an alternate game timeline and the 'POPs of Darkness' mod.

wn.com/Victoria Ii Divergences Of Darkness Novgorod 2

Rule of Infidale (Kafir ) Ilkhanate from 1256 to `1296 in Persia last parttheir view of religion

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Duration: 3:51
Updated: 01 May 2014
views: 74

Hulagu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhans remained opposed to the Mamluks (who had defeated both Mongol invaders and Crusaders). The Ilkhans launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the Mamluks, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire, and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The Chagatai Khanate in Moghulistan and the Golden Horde threatened the Ilkhanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulagu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based Yuan Dynasty was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter for many decades.[13][14] Hulagu took with him many Chinese scholars, astronomers, and the famous Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi learned about the mode of the Chinese calculating tables from the scholars brought to Persia by the Mongols.[15] The observatory was built on a hill of Maragheh.

wn.com/Rule Of Infidale (Kafir ) Ilkhanate From 1256 To `1296 In Persia Last Parttheir View Of Religion

Rule of Infidale (Kafir) Ilkhanate from 1256 to `1296 in Persia part 3

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Duration: 11:19
Updated: 27 Apr 2014
views: 143

Möngke's death forced Hulagu to return from the Persian heartland for the preparation of Khuriltai (selection of a new leader). He left a small force behind to continue the Mongol advance, but it was halted in Palestine in 1260 by a major defeat at the battle of Ain Jalut at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt. Due to geo-political and religious issues and deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, Berke declared open war on Hulagu in 1262 and possibly called his troops back in Iran. According to Mamluk historians, Hulagu might have massacred Berke's troops and refused to share his war booty with Berke. Hulagu with his Christian queen Doquz Khatun Hulagu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhans remained opposed to the Mamluks (who had defeated both Mongol invaders and Crusaders). The Ilkhans launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the Mamluks, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire, and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The Chagatai Khanate in Moghulistan and the Golden Horde threatened the Ilkhanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulagu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based Yuan Dynasty was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter for many decades.[13][14] Hulagu took with him many Chinese scholars, astronomers, and the famous Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi learned about the mode of the Chinese calculating tables from the scholars brought to Persia by the Mongols.[15] The observatory was built on a hill of Maragheh. Franco-Mongol alliance[edit] Main article: Franco-Mongol alliance Many attempts towards the formation of a Franco-Mongol alliance were made between the courts of Western Europe (West Europeans were collectively called Franks by Muslims and Asians in the Crusades era) and the Mongols (primarily the Ilkhanate) in the 13th and 14th centuries, starting from around the time of the Seventh Crusade. United in their opposition to the Muslims (mainly the Mamluks), the Ilkhanate and the Europeans were still never able to satisfactorily combine their forces against their common enemy.

wn.com/Rule Of Infidale (Kafir) Ilkhanate From 1256 To `1296 In Persia Part 3

Tamerlane rule of Iran and his comparisim with Genghiz Khan

Order: Reorder
Duration: 9:30
Updated: 02 May 2014
views: 260

was a Turko-Mongol ruler of Barlas lineage.[2][3][4] He conquered West, South and Central Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449,[5][6][7] and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur Beg, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled parts of South Asia for around four centuries, from 1526 until 1857.[8][9][10][11][12] Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan.[13] As a means of legitimating his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the Sword of Islam and patronizing educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime.[14] His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic. During his lifetime, Timur emerged as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi. Timur also decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at Smyrna, styling himself a Ghazi.[15] By the end of his reign, Timur had also gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty.[citation needed] Timur's armies were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe,[16] sizable parts of which were laid waste by his campaigns.[17] Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population,[18][19] leading to a predominantly barbaric legacy. Timur is also recognized as a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with Muslim intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru.

wn.com/Tamerlane Rule Of Iran And His Comparisim With Genghiz Khan

Who Are The Khagan's?

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Duration: 8:20
Updated: 10 May 2015
views: 182

Kha Khan or Khagan or Qagan (Mongolian: хаан, Khaan;) is a title in the Mongolian language equal to the status of emperor and used to refer to someone who rules a khaganate or empire. This title was later adopted by Turkic peoples (Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰍𐰣, kaɣan; It may also be translated as Khan of Khans, equivalent to King of Kings. In modern Mongolian, the title became Khaan with the 'g' sound becoming almost silent or non-existent (i.e. a very light voiceless velar fricative); the ğ in modern Turkish Kağan is also silent. Since the civil war of the Mongol Empire, Emperors of the Yuan dynasty held the title of Khagan and their successors in Mongolia continued to have the title. Kağan is a common Turkish name in Turkey. The common western rendering as Great Khan (or Grand Khan), notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is translation of Yekhe Khagan (Great Emperor or Их Хаан). The title was first seen in a speech between 283 and 289, when the Mongolic Xianbei chief Tuyuhun tried to escape from his younger stepbrother Murong Hui, and began his route from the Liaodong Peninsula to the areas of Ordos Desert . In the speech one of the Murong's general named Yinalou addressed him as kehan (可寒, later as 可汗), some sources suggests that Tuyuhun might also have used the title after settling at Qinghai Lake in the 3rd century. The Rouran Khaganate (330-555) was the first people to use the titles Khagan and Khan for their emperors, replacing the Chanyu of the Xiongnu, whom Grousset and others assume to be Turkic.\ However, many scholars believe the Rouran were proto-Mongols.\ The Avar Khaganate 567–804, who may have included Rouran elements after the Göktürks crushed the Rouran ruling Mongolia, also used this title. The Avars invaded Europe, and for over a century ruled the Carpathian region. Westerners Latinized the title "Khagan" into "Gaganus" or Cagan et Iugurro principibus Hunorum. The Secret History of the Mongols, written for that very dynasty, clearly distinguishes Khagan and Khan: only Genghis Khan and his ruling descendants are called Khagan, while other rulers are referred to as Khan. Khagan or Khaan refers to Emperor or King in the Mongolian language, however, Yekhe Khagan means Great Khagan or Grand Emperor. The Mongol Empire began to politically split with the Toluid Civil War in 1260-1264 and the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, but the term Ikh Khagan (Great Khan, or Emperor) was still used by the emperors of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), who assumed the role of emperor of China, and after the fall of the Yuan in China (1368) it continued to be used in Mongolia during the Northern Yuan dynasty. Thus, the Yuan is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan, coexisting with the independent Mongol khanates in the west, including the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde. Only the Ilkhanate truly recognized the Yuan's overlordship as allies (though it was effectively autonomous). Because Kublai founded the Yuan, the members of the other branches of the Borjigin could take part in the election of a new Khagan as the supporters of one or other of the contestants, but they could not enter the contest as candidates themselves. Later Yuan emperors made peace with the three western khanates of the Mongol Empire and were considered as their nominal suzerain. The nominal supremacy, while based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier Khagans (such as the continued border clashes among them), did last for a few decades, until the Yuan Dynasty fell in China (1368). After the breakdown of Mongol Empire and the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in the 14th century, the Mongols turned into a political turmoil. Dayan Khan (1464-1517/1543) once revived Emperor's authority and recovered its reputation in Mongolia, but with the distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs it again caused decentralized rule. The last Khagan of the Chahars, Ligdan Khan, died in 1634 while fighting the Qing dynasty founded by the Manchu people. In contemporary Mongolian language the word "Khaan" and "Khan" have different meanings, while English language usually does not differentiate between them. The title is also used as a generic term for a king or emperor (as эзэн хаан, ezen khaan), as in "Испанийн хаан Хуан Карлос" (Ispaniin khaan Khuan Karlos, "king/khaan of Spain Juan Carlos").

wn.com/Who Are The Khagan's