- published: 26 May 2015
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A lay judge is a person assisting a judge in a trial. Lay judges are used in some civil law jurisdictions, such as Germany,Sweden and Finland.Japan began implementing a new lay judge system in 2009. In the past the Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union utilised lay judges as well.
Lay judges are appointed, and often require some legal instruction. Lay judges are usually used when the country does not have juries.
The Kingdom of Hanover (Germany) was the first to provide a mixed system of judges and lay judges in 1850, which was quickly adopted by a number of other states, with the Hanoverian legislation providing the model for the contemporary mixed court.
In criminal proceedings, lay judges sit alongside professional judges on cases carrying a maximum punishment of more than five years, as well as for political crimes. Lay judges are also used in labor, social, and commercial law disputes.
In Brazil, the Law Nº 9.099/1995 created the "Juizados Especiais" (Special Petty Courts), with restricted jurisdiction to settle small claims (understood as those with a "lawsuit worth" lower than 40 times the country's minimum wage) and/or criminal misdemeanors (listed in the Executive Order Nº 3.688/1941). In this procedure, lay judges act under supervision of judges to preside the court as well as to act as conciliators. Their decisions, called "pareceres", are submitted to the judge for homologation before it has any effects between the parties. According to the law, lay judges must be selected among lawyers with more than 5 years of experience.
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the parties of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury. In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate.
A variety of traditions have become associated with the rank or occupation.
In many parts of the world, judges wear long robes (usually in black or red) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as the bench).
In some countries, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations, judges sometimes wear wigs. The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a barrister's wig would be worn in court. This tradition, however, is being phased out in Britain in non-criminal courts.
Actors: Kirsten Block (actress), Margarita Broich (actress), Carmen-Maja Antoni (actress), Martin Brambach (actor), Burghart Klaußner (actor), Ralph Fiennes (actor), Jürgen Tarrach (actor), Fritz Roth (actor), Bruno Ganz (actor), Sylvester Groth (actor), Joachim Tomaschewsky (actor), Matthias Habich (actor), Fabian Busch (actor), Jeanette Hain (actress), Marie Gruber (actress),
Plot: THE READER opens in post-war Germany when teenager Michael Berg becomes ill and is helped home by Hanna, a stranger twice his age. Michael recovers from scarlet fever and seeks out Hanna to thank her. The two are quickly drawn into a passionate but secretive affair. Michael discovers that Hanna loves being read to and their physical relationship deepens. Hanna is enthralled as Michael reads to her from "The Odyssey," "Huck Finn" and "The Lady with the Little Dog." Despite their intense bond, Hanna mysteriously disappears one day and Michael is left confused and heartbroken. Eight years later, while Michael is a law student observing the Nazi war crime trials, he is stunned to find Hanna back in his life - this time as a defendant in the courtroom. As Hanna's past is revealed, Michael uncovers a deep secret that will impact both of their lives. THE READER is a story about truth and reconciliation, about how one generation comes to terms with the crimes of another.
Keywords: 15-year-old, 16-year-old, 1940s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, absolution, adolescent, age-differenceActors: Lukasz Simlat (actor), Tomasz Dedek (actor), Marek Probosz (actor), Anna Gornostaj (actress), Ryszard Bugajski (director), Ryszard Bugajski (writer), Zbigniew Suszynski (actor), Marek Kalita (actor), Grzegorz Emanuel (actor), Magdalena Gnatowska (actress), Agnieszka Mandat-Grabka (actress), Piotr Grabowski (actor), Ewa Romanowska-Rózewicz (editor), Andrzej Niemirski (actor), Jan Monczka (actor),
Genres: Drama,