The Augustinian theodicy is a type of Christian theodicy designed to respond to the evidential problem of evil. As such, it attempts to defend the probability of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (or all-powerful and perfectly loving) God, despite evidence of evil in the world. A number of variations have been proposed throughout history, but they typically assert that God is perfectly good, that he created the world out of nothing, and that evil is the result of the original sin of humans. Evil is generally explained as the direct result of the free will of humans, as well as being a punishment for the evil use of free will. The Augustinian theodicy maintains that God is perfectly good and not responsible for evil or suffering.

Augustine of Hippo was the first to develop the theodicy. He rejected the idea that evil exists in itself, instead regarding it as a corruption of goodness, caused by humanity's abuse of free will. Augustine believed in the existence of a physical Hell as a punishment for sin, but argued that those who choose to accept the salvation of Jesus Christ will go to Heaven. Thomas Aquinas, influenced by Augustine, proposed a similar theodicy based on the view that God can contain no evil and is morally justified in permitting evil to happen. He believed that evil is necessary for the appreciation of good, and that it can be fully explained by the free will of humans. Augustine also influenced John Calvin, who, despite holding a different position on salvation, supported Augustine's view that evil is the result of free will and that humans have a natural tendency to sin