Maps

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  A political look at territory

  “The cartographer lives at the ambiguous interface of exact science and art.” - Jean-Claude Groshens.A map, which is a minute (...)
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  Planet in Peril: Atlas of Current Threats to People and the Environment

  Planet in Peril: Atlas of Current Threats to People and the Environment is the English translation of Le Monde (...)

Arms trade

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  The legal trade in light weapons (2006/06)

  More than 640m light arms and small-calibre weapons are in circulation throughout the world, and are responsible for more (...)
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  Total arms exports 2011-5 — Cécile Marin (2016/04)
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  War without end — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/01)

  Before the first world war, technological innovations (above the blue line) were still rare. After the two world wars, which (...)

Crime

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  The dirty-money archipelago (2000/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczMillions of accounts and tens of thousands of shell companies are used to launder and recycle dollars (...)

Demography

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  Africa’s population boom * — Cécile Marin (2015/12)
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  China’s people problem — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/07)

  Life expectancy Although life expectancy at birth has risen fast as a national average, there is a considerable discrepancy (...)
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  In Russia, a worrying decline — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/07)

  The depopulation of the Russian Far East The map of population change in over the last 20 years is one off sharp contrasts. (...)
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  Life on Earth — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/07)

  World population growth After several centuries of stagnation, the world’s population grew by a factor of six between 1800 (...)
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  Senior citizens around the world — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/05)

Economy

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  Africa’s debt repayment and the vulture funds * — Cécile Marin (2015/05)
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  From Earth to Mars — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/07)
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  The airport malls — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/02)

  An airport is a zombie zone between two worlds. Not Never Never Land. Just Nowhere. You get temporary citizenship between (...)
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  Ups and down of GDP — Cécile Marin (2012/03)

Energy

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  An over-nuclear Europe * — Philippe Rekacewicz and Agnès Stienne (2013/09)
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  Asia: in the pipeline — Philippe Rekacewicz (2005/05)

  By Philippe Rekacewicz See also the article : Asia: in the pipeline, by Rafael Kandiyoti (May 2005).

• Eurasia: the hot heartland of the world — Philippe Rekacewicz (2007/06)

  Sources: Kazinform; World Press Review; Pravda; Ria Novosti; Agence France-Presse (AFP); United States Department of Energy (...)
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  Nuclear power generation capacity — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/07)
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  Oil routes (1998/06)

  by Philippe RekacewiczHydrocarbons from the Caspian Sea used to be routed through the Russian Federation, but Turkish and (...)
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  Rivalries in the China Seas * — Philippe Rekacewicz (2015/01)

Environment

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  Arctic ice extent — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/10)
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  China’s thirsty north (2006/08)

  by Philippe RekacewiczChina plans to build several thousand kilometres of canals, carrying ten of billions of cubic metres of (...)
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  Climate change puts polar bears at risk * — Cécile Marin (2015/10)
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  Growing demand for meat — Agnès Stienne (2013/03)

  Economic development and higher living standards often lead to greater consumption of meat. Over the past few years, (...)
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  Growth of CO2 emissions  * — Cécile Marin (2015/10)
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  Imbalanced use of agricultural land * — Agnès Stienne (2013/03)

  Including both pasture and land used to grow fodder, livestock farming takes up 78% of agricultural land worldwide, and 25% (...)
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  Soybeans for animal feed  * — Agnès Stienne (2013/03)

  Mainly grown in Latin America, but also in the US and India, soybean meal is exported to Europe and Southeast Asia, where it (...)
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  The Aral Sea disaster (2000/07)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSee article by Ruben Mnatsakanian, “The Aral Sea disaster”, July 2000. Sources : Ruben Mnatsakanian, (...)
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  The Soviet inheritance (2000/07)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSee article by Ruben Mnatsakanian and Otto Simonett, “The Soviet inheritance”, July 2000. Sources : (...)
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  Who’s ready for climate change? * — Cécile Marin (2015/12)

Health

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  Cholera accross the world — Philippe Rekacewicz (2010/01)
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  Health across the world — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/01)
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  How the lack of sanitation kills — Philippe Rekacewicz (2010/01)
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  Live long if you’re prosperous — Philippe Rekacewicz (2010/02)
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  Mortality among children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, 2010 — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/06)

  In 1990 mortality among children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa was 171 per 1,000. Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 was to (...)

Inequality

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  Geography of tourism — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/06)
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  Maternity leave in Europe * — Cécile Marin and Anne-Cécile Robert (2016/01)
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  World poverty (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczAccording to the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI), 33 of the world’s 50 poorest countries are in (...)

International relations

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  Active peacekeeping operations to 30 June 2005 (2005/09)

  See the United Nations dossier in our September 2005 issue.
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  Major armed Sunni Islamist groups * — Cécile Marin (2015/04)
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  Regional organisations (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczA large number of international organisations have been established since the end of the second world (...)
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  The main conflicts of the 1990s (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe international conflicts, civil wars and internal upheavals that shook the world in the (...)
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  The multiplying paths of jihad — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/10)

  Since 9/11 there have been four major western interventions in the Middle East and North Africa (not counting Israel’s wars in (...)
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  The United Nations: how it all works (2005/09)

  See the United Nations dossier in our September 2005 issue.
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  UN peace-keeping operations (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe UN presence in conflict areas in January 2000. Sources : UN Information Centre in (...)
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  US, the UN’s main debtor — Philippe Rekacewicz (2005/09)

  See the United Nations dossier in our September 2005 issue.
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  Use of UN right of veto since the end of the second world war (2005/09)

  Philippe RekacewiczSee the United Nations dossier in our September 2005 issue.

Migrations and refugees

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  How the burden of the world’s refugees falls on the South-3 (2001/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSee also map 1, map 2 and graphics See the article by Phlippe Rekacewicz “How the burden of the (...)
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  Displaced people — Philippe Rekacewicz (2008/04)

  These people are forced into exile within their own country.
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  Harder crossing points for desperate refugees — Cécile Marin (2016/04)
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  How the burden of the world’s refugees falls on the South-4 (2001/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSee also map 1, map 2 and map 3 See the article by Phlippe Rekacewicz “How the burden of the world’s (...)
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  How the burden of the world’s refugees falls on the South-1 (2001/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSee also map 1, map 2, and map 3. See the article by Phlippe Rekacewicz “How the burden of the world’s (...)
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  How the burden of the world’s refugees falls on the South-2 (2001/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSee also map 1, map 3, and map 4. See the article by Phlippe Rekacewicz “How the burden of the world’s (...)
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  Migration * — Philippe Rekacewicz (2014/11)
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  New routes, new obstacles — Cécile Marin (2016/01)
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  One in five Syrian has fled the country * — Cécile Marin (2016/01)
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  Refugees and asylum seekers — Philippe Rekacewicz (2008/04)

  Developing countries, and the poorest in particular, receive 80% of exiled people. These migrants generally live in (...)
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  Stateless people — Philippe Rekacewicz (2008/04)

  These are people without a recognised nationality.
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  The EU’s expulsion machine — Olivier Clochard and Philippe Rekacewicz (2010/06)
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  The rising tide of refugees (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe situation of refugees and displaced persons throughout the world continues to be worrying, (...)

Africa

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  A continent exhausted by war and famine (2000/01)

  by Cécile Marin and Sylvie BrunelThe end of the cold war raised hopes of a new era for Africa. But the Rwandan genocide and (...)
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  A country divided * — Cécile Marin (2015/07)
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  A land of disparities * — Cécile Marin (2015/01)
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  Africa in a state of flux (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczRegional migration, the break-up of states and geopolitical realignment are changing the shape of (...)
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  Africa without its margins — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/11)
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  Africa’s coveted mineral resources (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczAfrica is a key producer of strategic metals and diamonds. But the countries with the most resources (...)
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  Battle for oil in Nigeria (1999/02)

  by Cécile MarinThe river Niger delta, where the country’s hydrocarbon deposits are concentrated, is in the hands of two big (...)
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  Democratic Republic of Congo’s mineral resources (2006/07)
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  DRC’s Chinese corridor — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/09)
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  Ethiopia-Eritrea, an open wound (2000/01)

  by Cécile MarinThe 700-mile-long frontier between Ethiopia and its former province of Eritrea, which became independent in (...)
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  Ethiopiaʼs stolen land — Agnès Stienne (2013/12)
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  Failed attempts at democracy (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSince the national conferences of the 1990s, attempts to establish democracy in African countries have (...)
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  France and US’ eyes on Africa — Philippe Rekacewicz (2004/07)

  See the articles: United States: the new scramble for Africa The Mali connection
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  France trapped in Rwanda (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe history of international intervention in Rwanda and responsibility for the genocide perpetrated in (...)
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  Millions of refugees in Africa (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczInternal unrest and civil war continued in 1999, swelling the tide of refugees. The total number in (...)
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  Power struggle in the Great Lakes region (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczEast and central Africa are suffering the consequences of the Rwandan genocide and the political (...)
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  Renewed foreign-power rivalry (2000/05)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe situation in Africa is changing fast. France is having to face up to the rising cost of its (...)
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  Reunion, integrated island — Philippe Rekacewicz (2010/03)
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  Sahara-Sahel : movements and routes — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/03)
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  Security issues and actors in Africa * — Cécile Marin (2015/02)
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  The coveted riches of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe Democratic Republic of Congo’s mineral resources are found mainly in the east and south of the (...)
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  Two decades of war in the Great Lakes region * — Cécile Marin (2016/01)
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  Uganda — Agnès Stienne (2011/07)
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  Unequal development, selective investments — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/02)
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  Useful Africa — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/02)
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  Utopian Africa — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/02)
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  Western Sahara resources — Agnès Stienne (2014/02)

Arab world

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  The new Arab Awakening — Philippe Rekacewicz (2011/03)

Asia

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  A tangle of nations and conflicts (2000/01)

  by Philippe Rekacewicz and Cécile MarinNational, bilateral and multilateral conflicts overlap in Central Asia. Moscow’s (...)
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  Afghan-Pakistan border: new centre of the ‘war on terror’ — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/12)
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  Burma: pipelines and peoples — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/12)
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  China new commercial power — Philippe Rekacewicz (2004/10)

  Sources: Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, (...)
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  China’s agricultural wealth * — Agnès Stienne (2015/10)
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  East Timor’s assets (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczOccupied by Indonesia since 1975, East Timor was of little interest to the international community. But (...)
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  Economic liberalisation in Vietnam (2000/02)

  by Philippe RekacewiczEconomic activities in Vietnam, which was opened to international trade in 1986, are concentrated (...)
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  Facts and figures (2014/05)
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  Fighting for a couple of rocks — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/12)
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  India : defence in mind — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/09)
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  India’s armed forces — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/09)
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  Kazakhstan - ethnic variety and oil wealth (1994/03)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSituated between China and Russia, in the North of a vast troubled region, Kazakhstan plays a major (...)
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  Korea divided (1994/11)

  by Philippe RekacewiczNorth and South Korea, which have been separated since 1953, held their first summit meeting of heads (...)
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  Pakistan’s neighbourhood relations (2016/04)

  Created by the partition of India along sectarian lines in 1947, Pakistan has fought several wars with India over the Kashmir (...)
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  Peoples of Central Asia * — Agnès Stienne (2015/01)
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  Regions disputed by Pakistan, India and China since 1947 (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczTerritorial and ideological conflicts and the nuclear arms race are adding to instability in southern (...)
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  Rivalry in the China Sea (1997/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczCoveted for its hydrocarbon resources and its geographical location on the main international sea (...)
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  Sri Lanka’s peoples * (2014/07)
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  The attractions of Irian-Jaya (Indonesia) (1994/07)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIndonesia is not about to relinquish this territory, with its rich economic potential. Its copper and (...)
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  The mountain war in Kashmir (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczA week after the partition of 15 August 1947, which gave birth to India and Pakistan, the Himalayan (...)
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  The strange alliance between Thailand and Burma (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe political rapprochement between the two countries gives Thailand access to the Burmese market and (...)
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  US military presence in Japan * — Cécile Marin (2016/02)
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  Violence in the Indonesian archipelago (1999/06)

  by Cécile MarinPolitical, racial, ethnic and religious clashes are increasingly frequent in the cities and regions of (...)
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  When the East was the world’s manufacturing centre 16th-18th centuries — Philippe Rekacewicz (2004/10)

  Sources: Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, (...)

Balkans

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  Bosnia - the Dayton partition (21 September 1995) (1999/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe Dayton agreement was based on a fundamental contradiction. While asserting the territorial (...)

• Boundaries of Eastern Europe — Philippe Rekacewicz (2008/02)

  This map was published with our February 2008 article: An end to Balkan national states pdf/mosaic.pdf

• Dreams of empire — Philippe Rekacewicz (2008/02)

  This map was published with our February 2008 article: An end to Balkan national states LMDfeb08 (...)
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  Fighting and population movements in Kosovo in 1998 (1999/01)

  by Cécile MarinThe fighting that took place from February to December 1998, mainly in the Drenica region in the centre of the (...)
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  Macedonia risks falling apart (1999/01)

  by Cécile MarinThe young republic of Macedonia, independent since 25 January 1991, is facing demands from its Albanian (...)
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  NATO bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (March-June 1999) (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczNATO’s Operation Allied Force was not confined to military targets. It also targeted road and rail (...)
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  The Albanians, a scattered people (1999/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe Albanian population is dispersed among three different states: Albania, Macedonia and the Federal (...)
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  The Balkans weakened by NATO’s war (1999/05)

  by Cécile MarinNATO’s Operation Allied Force (March-June 1999) severely weakened the region, aggravating an already disastrous (...)
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  The changing shape of Yugoslavia (1815-1999) (2000/01)

  by Philippe Rekacewicz and Cécile MarinSince the 19th century, the history of Yugoslavia has been a series of partitions, (...)
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  Use of depleted uranium weapons in Kosovo: map 1 (2000/01)

  by the Balkans Unit - UNEPSee also the second map which is more recent and more precise, and the Balkans Unit - United (...)
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  Use of depleted uranium weapons in Kosovo: map 2 (2000/07)

  by the Balkans Unit - UNEPSee also the Balkans Unit - United Nations Environment Programme (Unep) website. See the article (...)

• What borders for Albania? — Philippe Rekacewicz (2008/02)

  This map was published with our February 2008 article: An end to Balkan national states LMDfeb08 (...)

Caucasus

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  Abkhazia, in the zone of conflict — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/04)
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  Conflict in the Caucasus (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe Caucasus is the theatre of several internal and regional armed conflicts. It is a strategic oil (...)
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  Georgia’s five-day war — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/04)
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  Moscow plans for the future * — Cécile Marin (2015/07)
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  Ossetia caught in the Georgian war — Philippe Rekacewicz (2009/04)
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  Ukraine’s nuclear energy * — Cécile Marin (2015/02)

Europe

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  Between Europe and Russia — Agnès Stienne (2014/03)
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  Debt crisis, or crisis caused by debt? — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/03)

  The subprime mortgage crisis that began in the US in 2007 rapidly spread. While governments bailed out banks, financiers (...)
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  Dividing line on the Brussels metro (2008/11)

  Dividing line: a map illustrating the limited areas known and travelled on the Brussels metro by young people from (...)
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  Environmental catastrophe and strategic interests in Europe’s Arctic region (1996/09)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIn January 1993, Russians, Norwegian, Finns and Swedes established the Barents Euro-Arctic Council to (...)
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  Ethnic cleansing in Cyprus (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIn 1960 the Greek and Turkish communities formed a mosaic. After more than 25 years of Turkish (...)
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  Europe fuzzy borders — Philippe Rekacewicz (2012/03)
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  Fortress Russia (2014/05)
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  Greek and Turkish claims in the Aegean (1997/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczInternational law and the geography of this half-enclosed sea, with its myriad of islands, are sources (...)
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  Ireland divided (1997/01)

  by Cécile MarinSince partition in 1921, and the imposition of direct rule from London in 1972, Northern Ireland had known (...)
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  National borders in 20th century Europe — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/05)

  Tracing all the national borders that existed in the 20th century on one map gives some idea of the fragmentation of central (...)
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  The Russian kaleidoscope (1997/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe unity of the world’s largest state (17m sq km) is hard to maintain. The plethora of religions and (...)
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  The Schengen area (2000/06)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe Schengen area comprises the 13 countries which have signed the convention implementing the Schengen (...)
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  Voting for the right — Cécile Marin (2014/02)
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  Wealth and poverty in Germany * — Cécile Marin (2015/04)

Gulf

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  Iraq - nine years after the Gulf War (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczBaghdad lost control of part of Iraqi territory through the establishment of a “security zone” in (...)
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  Kurdistan borders — Philippe Rekacewicz (2013/05)
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  The anti-Iraqi coalition in 1991 (1991/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczAll the countries of the Middle East, except Jordan, Yemen and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (...)
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  The Gulf War (17 January to 3 March 1991) (1991/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIraqi and allied operations during the Gulf War transcended the territories of Iraq and Kuwait and (...)
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  Yemen unity under strain (1994/07)

  by Philippe RekacewiczOn the eve of the first world war, part of the Middle East was still under Ottoman rule. Other (...)

Middle East

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  A Palestinian State splintered by settlements (2000/02)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe main feature of the emerging Palestinian state - split into three areas and eaten away by growing (...)
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  Continuously expanding settlement in East Jerusalem (2000/02)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIsrael has occupied East Jerusalem, which is claimed by the Palestinians, since 1967 and has pursued a (...)
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  Coveted water resources (2000/06)

  by Philippe RekacewiczWater in the occupied territories has been under military control since 1967. The Arab inhabitants are (...)
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  End of empire to jihadist dreams * — Agnès Stienne (2014/07)
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  Escalating risks in the Middle East (1999/01)

  by Philippe Rekacewicz and by Cécile MarinThe risks of destabilisation in the region are increasing with nuclear (...)

• Geography of chaos — Philippe Rekacewicz (2007/11)

  This map was published in the Special dossier on the new ’broader’ Middle East of November 2007. Geography of (...)
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  Golan and South Lebanon (2000/02)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIsrael “secured” its northern frontier by annexing the Golan Heights, which it occupied in 1967, and by (...)
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  Iran and Iraq: the limits on Shia power — Philippe Rekacewicz (2005/07)

  By Philippe Rekacewicz See also the article : Iran and Iraq: the limits on Shia power, by Ahmad Salamatian (July (...)
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  Israel’s concessions (2000/12)

  by The Orient House, JerusalemAt last July’s Camp David summit the Israeli delegation spoke of “territorial concessions” to the (...)
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  Israeli territorial proposals (2001/11)

  by Philippe RekacewiczDrawn up by the Jerusalem Task Force from Orient House, this map shows Israel’s “territorial concessions” (...)
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  Jordan under pressure (1999/03)

  by Cécile MarinThe future of Jordan remains uncertain and dependent on regional developments, especially the outcome of the (...)
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  Kurds vs jihadists: the theatre of war * — Cécile Marin (2014/10)
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  Maale Adumim, a flagship settlement in the West Bank (1999/11)

  by Jan de JongBuilt in 1975, Maale Adumim is classified as a high priority development area and accordingly receives (...)
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  Mapping the conflict (2001/11)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIsraeli proposals made at the Camp David talks in July 2000.
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  Millions of Palestinian refugees in the Middle East (2000/02)

  by Philippe RekacewiczOf the 3.6 million Palestinian refugees in the Middle East in June 1999, a third were living in camps. (...)
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  Oil and religion don’t explain everything * — Cécile Marin (2015/04)
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  Oslo II (28 September 1995) (1997/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe Palestinian territories were splintered and divided into three zones. Israeli settlement increased, (...)
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  Palestinian refugees living in the Middle East (2001/11)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThere are 3,6m refugees in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza.
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  Palestinian territory fragmented (2001/11)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe land designated for the future Palestinian state punctuated by Israeli settlements.
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  The first Arab-Israeli war (1948-49) (1998/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe first Arab-Israeli war enabled the new state of Israel to extend its territory southwards into the (...)
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  The Golan annexed, South Lebanon occupied (2001/11)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIsrael’s Northern and Northeastern borders secured (February 2000).
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  The Initiative’s terms of agreement (2003/12)

  THE full text of the Geneva initiative is some 50 pages (see the ), not including the annexes, the content of which has not (...)
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  The Kurds, a people divided (1996/09)

  by Philippe Rekacewicz and by Cécile MarinThe area populated by Kurds extends mainly over four countries: Turkey, Iraq, Iran (...)
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  The Middle East in 1914 (1992/08)

  by Philippe RekacewiczOn the eve of the First World War, part of the Middle East was still under Ottoman rule. Other (...)
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  The Middle East in 1939 (1992/08)

  by Philippe RekacewiczOn the eve of the Second World War, most of the Middle East was still administered by the mandatory or (...)
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  The occupation of Sinai (1956) (1998/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIsrael, France and Britain attacked Egypt in October-November 1956 following Nasser’s nationalisation of (...)
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  The October War (1973) (1998/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War: Egyptian and Syrian troops launched an attack to (...)
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  The Palestinian diaspora (2000/02)

  by Philippe RekacewiczOutside Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan, the bulk of the Palestinian diaspora lives in the United (...)
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  The partition of Palestine (1947-49) (1998/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe UN partition plan of 29 November 1947 divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. The first (...)
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  The Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (4 September 1999) (2000/01)

  by Jan de Jong and Philippe RekacewiczThe Palestinian autonomous territories (Areas A and B) comprise 37% of the West Bank. (...)
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  The Six Day War (1967) (1998/04)

  by Philippe RekacewiczIsrael attacked Egypt on 5 June 1967. Following a lightning six-day war, it occupied Sinai, the Golan (...)

South America

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  Guerrillas and paramilitary forces in Colombia (2000/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczThe influence of the two main guerrilla groups - the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and (...)
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  Guerrillas, past and present (1997/02)

  by Cécile MarinSince the 1960s several armed movements have emerged in Central and Latin America. Some have disappeared, (...)
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  Indians and guerrillas in Chiapas (1997/01)

  by Philippe RekacewiczSince 1 January 1994 the Mexican army has been facing a revolt by the Zapatista National Liberation (...)
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  Major drug routes in Latin America * — Cécile Marin (1998/01)

  Almost 80% of the cocaine and 90% of the marijuana entering the United States come from Latin America. Produced in the Andes (...)
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  The Panama Canal, a link between two oceans (/)

  by Cécile MarinFrom 1903, when the United States was granted a concession to use the canal in perpetuity, the Canal Zone (...)
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  Urban development in Panama City * — Cécile Marin (2015/07)