The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the
United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by
England between the late
16th and early
18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the
British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time. The empire covered more than 33,700,
000 km2 (13,
012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the
Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse across the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
During the
Age of Discovery in the 15th and
16th centuries,
Portugal and Spain pioneered
European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires.
Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England,
France, and the
Netherlands, began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the
Americas and
Asia.[5] A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and
Scotland in 1707,
Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in
North America and
India.
The independence of the
Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the
American War of Independence caused
Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
British attention soon turned towards Asia,
Africa, and the
Pacific.
Following the defeat of
Napoleonic France in 1815, Britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings across the globe.
Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies, some of which were reclassified as dominions.
By the start of the twentieth century
Germany and the
United States had eroded some of Britain's economic lead. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the
First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous financial and population strain on Britain, and although the empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after the war, it was no longer a peerless industrial or military power
. In the Second World War, Britain's colonies in
South-East Asia were occupied by
Japan.
Despite the eventual victory of Britain and its allies, this damaged British prestige and accelerated the decline of the empire.
British India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement, Britain also granted independence to most of the territories of the British Empire. This process ended with the political transfer of
Hong Kong to
China in
1997.
The 14 British Overseas Territories remain under
British sovereignty. After independence, many former
British colonies joined the
Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states.
Sixteen Commonwealth nations share their head of state,
Queen Elizabeth II, as
Commonwealth realms.
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the
British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in
2002.[219] Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The
British government has stated its willingness to assist any
Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option.[
220] British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours:
Gibraltar is claimed by
Spain, the
Falkland Islands and
South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands are claimed by
Argentina, and the
British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by
Mauritius and
Seychelles.[221]
The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and
Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in
Antarctica.[222]
Most former British colonies and protectorates are members of Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members. Sixteen members of the
Commonwealth, including the UK, continue to share their head of state as Commonwealth realms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empire
- published: 18 Jul 2014
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