This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

In international and European legal and political contexts, a rapporteur (derived from French) is a person appointed by a deliberative body to investigate an issue or a situation.

For example, Dick Marty was appointed rapporteur by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to investigate extraordinary rendition by the CIA.

Authors of reports prepared by committees of the European Parliament are also known as "rapporteurs". People assisting or helping the rapporteur are called shadow rapporteurs and may vary in number depending on the issue.

See also[link]

• Special Rapporteur
• United Nations Special Rapporteur

v t e Topics on the European Parliament Organisation Bureau · Committees and Delegations · Conference · MEPs · President (Martin Schulz) · Quaestor · Rapporteur · Secretariat · Vice Presidents Politics COSAC (National parliaments) · Groups · Parties · Reform working group Elections 1979 · 1984 · 1989 · 1994 · 1999 · 2004 (session / members) · 2009 (session / members) · 2014 (session / members) · Apportionment · Constituencies Intergroups Crocodile Club · Spinelli Group Locations Strasbourg (Buildings) · Brussels (Buildings · Esplanade) · Luxembourg buildings History Assizes · Budget controversy · Buttiglione controversy · European Convention · Joint parliamentary meeting Other Europa InSitu · EuroparlTV · Lux Prize · Model European Communities Project · Sakharov Prize European Union Portal · Brussels Portal

This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)

Roger Peyrefitte
Born	(1907-08-17)17 August 1907 Castres, Tarn, France
Died	5 November 2000(2000-11-05) (aged 93) Paris, France
Occupation	novelist
Nationality	French
Notable work(s)	Les Amitiés particulières Trilogy about Alexander the Great
Signature

Roger Peyrefitte (17 August 1907 – 5 November 2000) was a French diplomat, writer of bestseller novels and gossipy non-fiction, and a defender of gay rights.

Life and work[link]

Born in Castres, Tarn to a wealthy family, Peyrefitte went to Jesuit and Lazarist boarding schools and then studied language and literature in Toulouse. After graduating first of his year from Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris in 1930, he worked as an embassy secretary in Athens between 1933 and 1938. Back in Paris, he had to resign in 1940 for personal reasons before being reintegrated in 1943 and finally ending his diplomatic career in 1945. In his novels, he often treated controversial themes and his work put him at odds with the Roman Catholic church.

He wrote openly about his homoerotic experiences in boarding school in his 1944 first novel Les amitiés particulières (Particular Friendships -- a term used in seminaries to refer to friendships seen as too close and exclusive, often incorrectly translated as "Special Friendships"), which won the coveted prix Renaudot in 1945. The book was made into a film of the same name which was released in 1964. On the set, Peyrefitte met the 12 year old Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villèle;^[1] Peyrefitte tells the story of their relationship in Notre amour ("Our Love" - 1967) and L'Enfant de cœur ("Child of the Heart" - 1978). Malagnac later married performer Amanda Lear.

A cultivator of scandal, Peyrefitte attacked the Vatican and Pope Pius XII in his book Les Clés de saint Pierre (1953), which earned him the nickname of 'Pope of the Homosexuals'. The publication of the book started a bitter quarrel with François Mauriac. Mauriac threatened to resign from the paper he was working with at the time, L'Express if it did not stop carrying advertisements for the book. The quarrel was exacerbated by the release of the film adaptation of Les amitiés particulières and culminated in a virulent open letter by Peyrefitte in which he accused Mauriac of homophile inclinations and called him a tartuffe.^[2] In April 1976, after Pope Paul VI had condemned homosexuality in a homily, Peyrefitte accused him of being a closet homosexual.^[3]

In Les Ambassades (1951), he revealed the ins and outs of diplomacy. Peyrefitte also wrote a book full of gossip about Baron Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen's exile in Capri (L'Exilé de Capri, 1959) and translated Greek gay love poetry (La Muse garçonnière (The Boyish Muse), Flammarion, 1973).

In his memoirs Propos Secrets, he wrote extensively about his youth, his sex life (homosexual mainly and a few affairs with women), his years as a diplomat, his travels to Greece and Italy ^[4] and his troubles with the police for sexually harassing male teenagers. He also gave vent to his fierce love of snobbish genealogizing and vitriolic well-documented gossip, writing about famous people of his time such as André Gide, Henry de Montherlant, Jean Cocteau, Jean Genet, Marcel Jouhandeau, Marie-Laure de Noailles, Gaston Gallimard, Jean Paul Sartre, Charles de Gaulle and Georges Pompidou, among many others. Claiming he had reliable sources within the Vatican's "black aristocracy", once again he stated that three recent popes of the 20th century were homosexuals. He particularly loved to expose the hypocrisy and vanity of prominent people, to denounce fake aristocrats and to out closet homosexuals.

Roger Peyrefitte wrote popular historical biographies about Alexander the Great and Voltaire. In Voltaire et Frédéric II he polemically claimed that Voltaire had been the passive lover of Frederick the Great.

In spite of his libertarian views on sexuality, politically Peyrefitte was a conservative bourgeois and in his later years he would support extreme right-winger Jean-Marie Le Pen.^[5]

He died at 93 of Parkinson's disease, after receiving the last rites from the Church he had attacked so strongly.

Legacy[link]

After his death, the city of Capri dedicated a plaque to him which is mounted near Villa Lysis and the inscription of which reads: A Roger Peyrefitte autore de L'esule di Capri per aver esaltato e diffuso il mito, la cultura e la bellezza dell'isola nel mondo. — "For Roger Peyrefitte, author of L'Exile de Capri, for having exalted and diffused the myth, the culture, and the beauty of this island in the world." [1]

Press cuttings[link]

• Obituary in The Times, 7 November 2000, page 25. "In the minds of many, Roger Peyrefitte's reputation as a genuinely literary novelist is based on one novel. Les Amitiés Particulières (1944), which was also his first. He wrote many others, but none really matched the merit of the first, and the author seemed increasingly to seek a succès de scandale rather than any serious critical consideration."

• Obituary by James Kirkup in The Independent: The Tuesday Review, 7 November 2000, page 6. "Peyrefitte was a skilled manipulator of the media. He was charismatic to the point of absurdity, with his dramatic gestures and outrageous behaviour, so that in the end no one took any notice of his often ludicrous fabrications, though they were always delivered with great style and conviction, and with an effrontery that was amusingly malicious. {...} Peyrefitte acknowledges the courage of his great predecessors André Gide, Marcel Proust, Jean Cocteau and Oscar Wilde, while regretting the timidity of Marcel Jouhandeau and many of the contemporary French writers, whether gay or straight, in pursuing the cause of homosexual (and heterosexual) rights."

• Obituary by Douglas Johnson in The Guardian, 15 November 2000, page 24. "André Gide, who had attempted to defend homosexuality in a much earlier work, was prophetic in his congratulations to Peyrefitte. He did not think that Les Amitiés Particulières would win the Goncourt prize, but he did believe it would still be read a century later."

Bibliography[link]

• Les Amitiés particulières, novel, Editions Flammarion 1944 (English translations as Special Friendships by Felix Giovanelli 1950 & Edward Hyams 1958: ISBN 0-914301-23-3)
• Mademoiselle de Murville, novel, Editions Jean Vigneau 1947
• Le Prince des neiges, drama in 3 acts, Editions Jean Vigneau 1947
• L'Oracle, novel, Editions Jean Vigneau 1948 (definitive edition 1974)
• Les Amours singulières, novel, Editions Jean Vigneau 1949
• La Mort d'une mère, Editions Flammarion 1950
• Les Ambassades, novel, Editions Flammarion 1951 (English translation 1953 by James FitzMaurice as Diplomatic Diversions)
• Les Œuvres libres - Roger Peyrefitte, etc. Editions Arthème Fayard 1951
• Du Vésuve à l'Etna, travelogue, Editions Flammarion 1952 (English translation 1954 by John McEwen as South from Naples)
• La Fin des ambassades, novel, Editions Flammarion 1953 (English translation 1954 by Edward Hyams as Diplomatic Conclusions: ISBN 0-436-36900-1)
• Les Amours, de Lucien de Samosate (translation of the original Greek), Editions Flammarion 1954
• Les Clés de saint Pierre, novel, Editions Flammarion 1955 (English translation 1957 by Edward Hyams as The Keys of St. Peter)
• Jeunes Proies, Editions Flammarion 1956
• Les Chevaliers de Malte, Editions Flammarion 1957 (English translation: ISBN 0-87599-087-8)
• L'Exilé de Capri, Editions Flammarion 1959 (English translation 1961 by Edward Hyams as The Exile of Capri)
• Le Spectateur nocturne, dramatic dialogue, Editions Flammarion 1960
• Les Fils de la lumière, study of Free-Masonry, Editions Flammarion 1961
• La Nature du Prince, Editions Flammarion 1963
• Les Secrets des conclaves, Editions Flammarion 1964
• Les Juifs, Editions Flammarion 1965 (English translation: ISBN 0-436-36903-6)
• Notre Amour, Editions Flammarion 1967
• Les Américains, novel, Editions Flammarion 1968
• Des Français, novel, Editions Flammarion 1970
• La Coloquinte, novel, Editions Flammarion 1971
• Manouche, short story, Editions Flammarion 1972 (English translations as Manouche by Derek Coltman 1973 & Sam Flores 1974: ISBN 0-8021-0046-5)
• L'Enfant Amour, essay, Editions Flammarion 1972
• Un Musée de l'Amour, photographs of his collection of pederastic art by Marianne Haas, Editions du Rocher 1972
• La Muse Garçonnière, (Musa Paidika) translated of the original Greek, Editions Flammarion 1973
• Tableaux de chasse, ou la vie extraordinaire de Fernand Legros, Editions Albin Michel 1976
• Propos secrets, memoirs, Editions Albin Michel 1977
• Trilogy about Alexander the Great - Editions Albin Michel
  1. La Jeunesse d'Alexandre, 1977
  2. Les Conquêtes d'Alexandre, 1979
  3. Alexandre le Grand, 1981
• Propos secrets 2, memoirs, Editions Albin Michel 1980
• L'Enfant de cœur, Editions Albin Michel 1978
• Roy, novel, Editions Albin Michel 1979
• L'Illustre écrivain, Editions Albin Michel 1982
• Henry de Montherlant - Roger Peyrefitte - Correspondance (1938-1941), presentation and notes by R. Peyrefitte and Pierre Sipriot, Editions Robert Laffont 1983
• La Soutane rouge, Edition du Mercure de France 1983
• Doucet Louis, raconté par... photographs by Rosine Mazin, Editions Sun 1985
• Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps, biography, Editions Albin Michel 1985
• L' Innominato: Nouveaux Propos Secrets, memoirs, Editions Albin Michel 1989
• Voltaire et Frédéric II, Editions Albin Michel 1992
• Réflexions sur De Gaulle, Paris, Editions régionales 1991
• Le Dernier des Sivry, novel, Editions du Rocher, Monaco 1993
• Retours en Sicile, Editions du Rocher, Monaco 1996

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roger Peyrefitte

• "The Importance of Being Peyrefitte", an article in Guide Magazine by Roger Moody, May 2002
• Roger Peyrefitte: Alexander is my Destiny, by B. John Zavrel, 1996
• Ribaldry in Rome — 1957 Time magazine review of The Keys of St. Peter
• The Rothschilds & The Mind — 1965 Time magazine review of The Jews
• Roger Peyrefitte in the GLBTQ Encyclopedia
• Roger Peyrefitte TV appearances at the INA archives
• Peyrefitte obituary

Enrico Macias
Enrico Macias in Tel Aviv 2011
Background information
Birth name	Gaston Ghrenassia
Born	(1938-12-11) 11 December 1938 (age 73) Constantine
Origin	French Algeria
Genres	Chanson
Occupations	Composer, singer, songwriter
Instruments	Guitar
Website	Enrico Macias Official Website

Gaston Ghrenassia, known by his stage name Enrico Macias, (born 11 December 1938 in Constantine, then in French Algeria) is an Algerian French Pied noir singer and musician. He is popular throughout the world and has travelled extensively for fifty years, from the early 1960s to the present.

Early years[link]

He was born to a Jewish family in Constantine, Algeria, and played the guitar from childhood. His father, Sylvain Ghrenassia (1914–2004),^[1] was a violinist in an orchestra that played primarily maalouf, Andalo-Arabic music. Gaston started playing with the Cheikh Raymond Leyris Orchestra at 15.^[2]

He pursued a career as a school teacher, but continued practicing the guitar. In 1961, the Algerian War of Independence was raging, and the situation became untenable for the Jewish and European residents of Constantine. Of immense effect on Gaston Ghrenassia was the assassination in 1961 of his father-in-law and musician Cheikh Raymond Leyris by the National Liberation Front (FLN). Gaston left Algeria with his wife, Suzy, on 29 July 1961, eleven months before the end of the Algerian War of Independence, and went into exile in mainland France. He has not been permitted to return to Algeria ever since.He was a member of a militia as part of the french army during the Algerian War of Independence which committed crimes.

Career[link]

First living in Argenteuil, he eventually moved to Paris, where he decided to pursue a career in music. At first he tried translating into French the maalouf numbers which he already knew. Later on, he developed a new French repertoire that he performed in cafés and cabarets. He remained, though, a popular interpreter of Arab-Andalusian music and Judeo-Arab songs in France.

He adopted the name Enrico Macias. Enrico comes from him being called "petit Enrico" when he joined Cheikh Raymond's orchestra. Macias comes through an error of the record label with which he eventually signed. When asked about his family name on the phone he said "Nassia" (Ghrenassia), but the receptionist misheard the name and wrote Macias. Thus the name Enrico Macias.

He made his first recording in 1962 after a meeting with Raymond Bernard of Pathé. The result was the recording of "Adieu mon pays" which he had composed for his beloved Algeria on the boat on his way to France. He appeared on French television and became an overnight sensation. This led to a first tour in 1963 as a second act with Paola and Billy Bridge. His daughter, Jocya, was also born that year.

In spring 1964, he performed in the first half of the Les Compagnons de la chanson show at the Paris Olympia and then undertook a successful tour of the Middle East, performing with great success in Lebanon, Greece and Turkey, where he still has a huge following today. In Turkey, many of his songs were translated and interpreted by Turkish artists.^[3] In 1965, he was awarded the Prix Vincent Scotto, and the following year he sang before 120,000 people at the Dinamo Stadium in Moscow, performing concerts in more than 40 other Soviet cities. He also toured Japan, where he was impressively successful. He recorded titles in Spanish and Italian and was popular in both countries.

His American debut, at a sold-out Carnegie Hall, took place on 17 February 1968. He continued to tour the United States, singing in Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles. In Canada and Quebec, he was warmly welcomed as a francophone artist.

In 1971, he returned to the Paris Olympia, then went to the Royal Albert Hall in London, and back to Japan, Canada, Italy and Spain. A second US tour culminated in a concert at Carnegie Hall in 1972. In 1974, he gave ten shows at the Uris Theater on Broadway, and also at the Olympia for the sixth time since his debut.

He toured France and went twice to Israel in 1976 and 1978. He was invited to Egypt by the Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat to sing for peace. This came after Macias having been banned from Arab countries for many years, despite keeping his popularity with Arab and ethnic audiences in the Middle East and North Africa. In Egypt, he sang in front of 20,000 people at the foot of the Pyramids. After Sadat's assassination, he wrote a song dedicated to the late president entitled "Un berger vient de tomber".

In 1988, he had a big hit with "Zingarella", particularly in Israel and Turkey upon his tour in both countries in addition to South Korea.

In April 1992, he tried acting in a play adapted from English, called Quelle nuit. He also had a role as a local judge in the French TV film Monsieur Molina.

Enrico Macias lost much money through dubious financial services offered by the Luxembourg subsidiary of an Icelandic bank, now under investigation. He is currently trying to recover it (http://www.your-mortgage-calculator.com/blog/2011/10/mortgages-a-subsidiary-of-icelandic-bank-indicted/). This may be one of the reasons why he came out of retirement.

Albums and singles[link]

Of great popularity were his 1960s Oriental-influenced songs like "J’ai quitté mon pays", "Les filles de mon pays", "L'Orientale", "Entre l'orient et l'occident" and tribute songs like "Le violon de mon père" (to his father), and "Mon chanteur préferé" (a tribute to his father-in-law Cheikh Raymond).

He was also popular with the French interpretation of "'Oh guitare, guitare" and the Spanish versions of "El Porompompero" and "Solenzara".

Big French hits include "Paris, tu m'as pris dans tes bras", "La femme de mon ami", "Non je n'ai pas oublié", "La France de mon enfance", "Les gens du nord" and "Les filles de mon pays".

He has sung in many languages including French, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew, Turkish, Greek, English, Armenian, Arabic and many of its dialects, and recently in Yiddish anduu Tamazight.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 1983: Deux ailes et trois plumes
• 1984: Générosité
• 1987: Enrico
• 1989: Le vent du sud
• 1991: Enrico
• 1992: Mon chanteur préferé
• 1993: Suzy
• 1994: La France de mon enfance
• 1995: Et Johnny Chante L'amour
• 1999: Aie Aie Aie Je T'Aime
• 1999: Hommage à Cheikh Raymond
• 2003: Oranges amères (produced by his son, Jean-Claude Ghrenassia)
• 2005: Chanter
• 2006: La Vie populaire
• 2011: Voyage d'une mélodie

Live albums / compilations[link]

• 1989: Olympia 89
• 1990: Disque d'Or
• 1992: Le plus grand bonheur du monde
• 1996: La Fête à l'Olympia
• 2003: Les Indispensables de Enrico Macias
• 2003: Concerts Musicorama
• 2006: Olympia 2003
• 2006: Les Concerts Exclusifs Europe
• 2008: Platinum Collection

Singles[link]

(Macias singles in alphabetical order)

Achievements[link]

• In 1965 he was awarded the Prix Vincent Scotto.
• He received a gold disc in 1976 for "Mélissa".
• He was named Singer of Peace by UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim in 1980 after he donated the proceeds of his single "Malheur à celui qui blesse un enfant" to the Unicef
• In 1997, Kofi Annan named him Roving Ambassador for Peace and the Defence of Children.

Collaborations[link]

He has collaborated with tens of artists, and his songs have been interpreted in many languages.

• He sang "Melissa" as a duet with Turkish singer Ajda Pekkan
• In 1991, he had a duet with Ginni Gallan entitled "Un amour, une amie".
• In 2003, he sang "Koum Tara" with Cheb Mami featured in the latter's album Du Sud au Nord and again a live version, this time on Cheb Mami's 2004 album Live au Grand Rex"'
• In Turkey, many artists have interpreted his songs with Turkish lyrics including Ajda Pekkan, Başar Tamer, Berkant, Engin Evin, Ferdi Özbeğen, Gökben, Gönül Yazar, Hümeyra, İhsan Kayral, Juanito, Kamuran Akkor, Mavi Çocuklar, Nilüfer, Ömür Göksel, Selçuk Ural, Semiramis Pekkan, Seyyal Taner, Sezer Güvenirgil, Sibel Egemen, Tanju Okan, Yeliz

Controversies[link]

His decision to try to play concerts in Algeria resulted in huge controversy. After the cancellation of a proposed tour in Algeria in 2000, he wrote a book Mon Algérie (Editions Plon in October 2001) marketed as a "veritable love story between one man and his homeland".

On 14 February 2007, he announced his support of Nicolas Sarkozy for the French presidential elections. He confirmed his political convictions of the political left, but said he could not support the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal, although he would have supported her if Laurent Fabius or Dominique Strauss-Kahn had been the candidates.

He attempted again unsuccessfully to visit Algeria in November 2007 accompanying French president Nicolas Sarkozy, but was faced with fierce resistance from several Algerian organizations and individuals, including Algerian Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem, due to his support of Israel. He has never been permitted to return to Algeria since he left in 1961.^[4][5]

Personal life[link]

Enrico Macias was married in 1961, while he was still in Algeria, to Suzy Leyris, the daughter of famous musician Cheikh Raymond Leyris and left with her to France after the assassination of his father-in-law. He was devastated by the death of his wife Suzy Macias on 23 December 2008. His 1993 album Suzy is dedicated to her.

His son, Jean-Claude Ghrenassia, is a well-known music producer as well.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Enrico Macias Official Website
• Enrico Macias at Yahoo Music
• Enrico Macias Biography at RFI Musique
• Enrico Macias at the Internet Movie Database

	Biography portal
	Music portal
	France portal