Zoroastrianism also called Zarathustraism, Mazdaism and Magianism, is an ancient monotheistic dualist
Iranian religion and a religious philosophy. It was once the state religion of the
Achaemenid, Parthian, and
Sasanian empires. Estimates of the current number of Zoroastrians worldwide vary between approximately
145,
000 circa
2000 and 2.6 million in more recent estimates.
The change over the last decade is attributed to a greater level of reporting and open self-identification more so than to an actual increase in population; however, precise numbers remain difficult to obtain in part due to high levels of historic persecution in
Middle Eastern regions.
Zoroastrianism arose in the eastern region of the ancient
Persian Empire, when the religious philosopher
Zoroaster simplified the pantheon of early
Iranian gods into two opposing forces:
Spenta Mainyu ("progressive mentality")
and Angra Mainyu ("destructive mentality") under the one God,
Ahura Mazda ("Illuminating
Wisdom").
Zoroaster's ideas led to a formal religion bearing his name by about the
6th century BCE and have influenced other later religions including
Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism,
Christianity and Islam.
In Zoroastrianism, the creator Ahura Mazda is all good, and no evil originates from him. Thus, in Zoroastrianism good and evil have distinct sources, with evil (druj) trying to destroy the creation of Mazda (asha), and good trying to sustain it. While Ahura Mazda is not immanent in the world, his creation is represented by the
Amesha Spentas and the host of other Yazatas, through whom the works of God are evident to humanity, and through whom worship of Mazda is ultimately directed. The most important texts of the religion are those of the
Avesta, of which a significant portion has been lost, and mostly only the liturgies of which have survived. The lost portions are known of only through references and brief quotations in the later works, primarily from the 9th to
11th centuries.
In some form, it served as the national or state religion of a significant portion of the
Iranian people for many centuries. It was gradually marginalized by
Islam from the
7th century onwards with the decline of the
Sassanid Empire. The political power of the pre-Islamic Iranian dynasties lent Zoroastrianism immense prestige in ancient times, and some of its leading doctrines were adopted by other religious systems. It has no major theological divisions (the only significant schism is based on calendar differences), but it is not uniform.
Modern-era influences have a significant impact on individual and local beliefs, practices, values and vocabulary, sometimes merging with tradition and in other cases displacing it.
Terminology
The Oxford English Dictionary records use of the term Zoroastrianism in 1874 in
Archibald Sayce's Principles of
Comparative Philology The first surviving reference to Zoroaster in
English scholarship is attributed to
Thomas Browne (1605–1682), who briefly refers to the prophet in his 1643
Religio Medici. The Oxford English Dictionary records 1743 (Warburton,
Pope's Essay) as the earliest reference to Zoroaster. However, his image is identified in
Raphael's "
School of Athens" by
Giorgio Vasari in 1550, so knowledge of his philosophy had evidently percolated into the
Italian Renaissance.
The term Mazdaism /ˈmæzdə.ɪzəm/ is a typical
19th century construct, taking Mazda- from the name Ahura Mazda and adding the suffix -ism to suggest a belief system.
The March 2001 draft edition of the
Oxford English Dictionary also records an alternate form, Mazdeism, perhaps derived from the
French Mazdéisme, which first appeared in
1871. The Zoroastrian name of the religion is Mazdayasna, which combines Mazda- with the
Avestan language word yasna, meaning "worship, devotion".
In English, an adherent of the faith is commonly called a Zoroastrian or a Zarathustrian. An older, but still widespread expression is Behdin, meaning "follower of Daena", for which "
Good Religion" is one translation
. In the Zoroastrian liturgy, the term Behdin is also used as a title for an individual who has been formally inducted into the religion in a Navjote ceremony.
In older English sources, the terms Gheber and Gueber (both deriving from
Persian for infidel, compare giaour) were used to refer to Zoroastrians; however, these terms are considered offensive and have fallen out of use.
Characteristics
Zoroastrians believe that there is one universal, transcendent, supreme god, Ahura Mazda, or the "
Wise Lord". (Ahura means "Being" and Mazda means "
Mind" in Avestan language).
- published: 02 May 2015
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