Animated mapping of Proto-Türkic & Indo-European expansions | R1a & R1b tribes (updated 2015)
The two major
Eurasian haplogroups, R1a and R1b, diverged (or rather, formed and diverged) 20-16 thousand years ago, evolved linguistically from the common
Nostratic languages, respectively into the Pra-Aryan (later called “Proto-Indo-European”) and the Proto-Türkic, and then into Türkic. And because the paths of the haplogroups R1a and R1b carriers in
Eurasia significantly transversed in the same territories, often with a gap of a millennia or two (R1a migrations are older in
Europe, R1b migrations are older in
Asia), they left “substrates” superimposed one on another, and intertwined in many ways.
4,500-4,
000 years ago the
R1a1 disappeared from the
Western and
Central Europe, Europe became Türkic-speaking with the arrival of the people carrying
R1b haplogroup (the beginning of the
3rd millennium BC), and that lasted until the middle of the
1st millennium BC (3,000-2,
500 years BP), when the haplogroup R1a1 re-populated the Western and Central Europe, and came about a reverse replacement of the Türkic languages to the
Indo-European languages. The striations of the linguistic and haplogroup, or tribal (in terms of
DNA genealogy) in the
Eastern European Plain, in the
Near East, and in Europe has led to erroneous linguistic and archaeological concepts such as the “Indo-European
Kurgan Culture”, with its transposed languages (postulated” Indo-European”, when it was a Türkic language), the wrong direction of movement (the “Proto-Indo-European” was moving eastward, not westward, the Türkic was moving westward, the westward movement was seen by the creators and supporters of the “Kurgan Culture” as the “Indo-European movement, which was
180 degrees wrong), wrong periods (the
Proto-Indo-European language advanced eastward across the Eastern European Plain in the 3rd millennium BC, while the ancient
Pit Grave, or the “
Kurgan” culture is mainly dated by the period of the 4th-3rd millenniums BC, and were moving westward).
In its entirety, the theory of the “Kurgan Culture” as an “Indo-European” was one ceaseless mishap!
The modern
Uigurs,
Kazakhs,
Bashkirs, and some other peoples of
Siberia,
Central Asia and the
Urals descend in part from the ancient R1b1 branch, and by now retain the same haplogroup for 16,000 years. The “Türkic-lingual” haplogroup R1b expanded from the
South Siberia, where it formed 16,000 years ago, across the territories of the
Middle Volga,
Samara,
Khvalynsk (middle Volga) and the
Ancient Pit Grave (“
Kurgan”) archaeological cultures and historical-cultural complexes, northern
Kazakhstan (for example
Botai culture dated by the archaeologists 5,700 - 5,
100 years before present (BP), in reality much older), passed through the
Caucasus to
Anatolia (6,000 ± 800 BP by the dating of
R1b1b2 haplogroup of the modern Caucasians), and through the
Middle East (
Lebanon, 5,
300 ± 700 BP; the ancient ancestors of the modern
Jews, 5,
150 ± 620 BP), and
Northern Africa (
Berbers of the R1b haplogroup, 3,875 ± 670 BP), crossed over to the
Iberian Peninsula (around 4,800-4,500 BP, present day
Basques 3625 ± 370 BP) and further on to the
British Isles (in the
Ireland 3,800 ± 380 and 3,350 ±
360 BP for different populations), and to the continental Europe (
Flanders, 4,150 ± 500 BP,
Sweden 4,225 ± 520 BP).
In parallel, the traces of the ancient R1b carriers are found in the
Balkans (4,050 ± 890 BP), separately in
Slovenia (4,050 ± 540 BP), and
Italy (4,125 ± 500 BP). That was the beginning of the Türkic languages' time in Europe, and the disappearance there of the Europe “Proto-Indo-European” haplogroup R1a1, which populated Europe from the
10th millennium BC.
To that is important to add that the R1b haplotypes in the Balkans in 50% of the cases, in Italy 27%. In Slovenia that parameter is 20%. All these are a branch of the
Türks, “Kurganians”, “ancient Pit Gravers”, that crossed from the Eastern European Plain either directly around the
Black Sea to the Balkans, and further on to the the
Apennines, or through the
Asia Minor. They are the ancestors of the Proto-Celtics and Proto-Italics, and, probably, Proto-Picts and other “
Proto”-R1b1b2 peoples in Europe, from the
Pyrenees to the
Continental Europe (the path and period of the
Beaker Culture).
Amazingly, all four main hypotheses localizing the “
Indo-European homeland”, namely “Circumpontic localization”, “Kurgan”, “Anatolian”, and “Neolithic gap” turned out to be wrong at their core. They could not explain the direction of “Indo-Europeans”, including the path towards the
India. ... , the “Kurgan Culture” had no relation to the “Indo-Europeans”.
Everything “Indo-Iranian” in that phrase is incorrect, neither the link ... with the “
Kurgan culture”, nor the “intriguingly close” time.
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http://turkicworld.org/turkic/60_Genetics/Klyosov2010DNK-GenealogyEn
.htm