The royal
Château de Chambord at
Chambord, Loir-et-Cher,
France, is one of the most recognizable châteaux in the world because of its very distinctive
French Renaissance architecture which blends traditional
French medieval forms with classical
Renaissance structures. The building, which was never completed, was constructed by
King François I.
Chambord is the largest château in the
Loire Valley; it was built to serve as a hunting lodge for
François I, who maintained his royal residences at the châteaux of
Blois and
Amboise. The original design of the Château de Chambord is attributed, though with some doubt, to
Domenico da Cortona;
Leonardo da Vinci may also have been involved. Chambord was altered considerably during the twenty-eight years of its construction (1519--1547), during which it was overseen on-site by
Pierre Nepveu. With the château nearing completion,
François showed off his enormous
symbol of wealth and power by hosting his old archrival,
Emperor Charles V, at Chambord. In
1792, in the wake of the
French Revolution, some of the furnishings were sold and timber removed. For a time the building was left abandoned, though in the
19th century some attempts were made at restoration. During the
Second World War, art works from the collections of the
Louvre and the
Château de Compiègne were moved to the Château de Chambord. The château is now open to the public, receiving 700,
000 visitors in
2007. Châteaux in the
16th-century departed from castle architecture; while they were off-shoots of castles, with features commonly associated with them, they did not have serious defences. Extensive gardens and water features, such as a moat, were common amongst châteaux from this period. Chambord is no exception to this pattern. The layout is reminiscent of a typical castle with a keep, corner towers, and defended by a moat.
Built in
Renaissance style, the internal layout is an early example of the French and
Italian style of grouping rooms into self-contained suites, a departure from the medieval style of corridor rooms. The massive château is composed of a central keep with four immense bastion towers at the corners. The keep also forms part of the front wall of a larger compound with two more large towers. Bases for a possible further two towers are found at the rear, but these were never developed, and remain the same height as the wall. The château features
440 rooms, 282 fireplaces, and 84 staircases. Four rectangular vaulted hallways on each floor form a cross-shape. The château was never intended to provide any form of defense from enemies; consequently the walls, towers and partial moat are purely decorative, and even at the time were an anachronism. Some elements of the architecture open windows, loggia, and a vast outdoor area at the top borrowed from the
Italian Renaissance architecture are less practical in cold and damp northern France. The roofscape of Chambord contrasts with the masses of its masonry and has often been compared with the skyline of a town: it shows eleven kinds of towers and three types of chimneys, without symmetry, framed at the corners by the massive towers. The design parallels are north Italian and Leonardesque.
Writer Henry James remarked "the towers, cupolas, the gables, the lanterns, the chimneys, look more like the spires of a city than the salient points of a single building". One of the architectural highlights is the spectacular double helix open staircase that is the centerpiece of the château. The two helices ascend the three floors without ever meeting, illuminated from above by a sort of light house at the highest
point of the château. There are suggestions that Leonardo da Vinci may have designed the staircase, but this has not been confirmed. Writer
John Evelyn said of the staircase "it is devised with four (sic) entries or ascents, which cross one another, so that though four persons meet, they never come in sight, but by small loopholes, till they land. It consists of 274 steps (as
I remember), and is an extraordinary work, but of far greater expense than use or beauty".
The château also features 128 meters of façade, more than 800 sculpted columns and an elaborately decorated roof. When François I commissioned the construction of Chambord, he wanted it to look like the skyline of
Constantinople. The château is surrounded by a 52.5‑km² (13,000‑acre) wooded park and game reserve maintained with red deer, enclosed by a 31‑kilometer (20‑mile) wall. The king's plan to divert the
Loire to surround the château came about only in a novel;
Amadis of Gaul, which François had translated
. In the novel the château is referred to as the
Palace of
Firm Isle. Chambord's towers are atypical of French contemporary design in that they lack turrets and spires. In the opinion of author
Tanaka, who suggests Leonardo da Vinci influenced the château's design, they are closer in design to minarets of
15th-century Milan.
- published: 09 Jul 2014
- views: 1525