Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	Kölsch
Familycolor	Indo-European
States	Germany
Region	Cologne and environs
Speakers	250,000
Fam2	Germanic
Fam3	West Germanic
Fam4	High German
Fam5	Central German
Fam6	West Central German
Fam7	Ripuarian Franconian
Fam8	Central Ripuarian
Iso2	gem|iso3=ksh}}

Kölsch (Colognian) is a very closely related small set of dialects, or variants, of the Ripuarian Central German group of languages. Kölsch is spoken in, and partially around Cologne in the area covered by the Archdiocese and former Principality of Cologne ranging from Düsseldorf to just south of Bonn, west to Düren and east to Olpe. in the North-West of Germany. Kölsch is one of the very few city dialects in Germany, besides for example the one in Berlin ("Berliner Schnauze"). Kölsch is one of the few dialects of German where the eszett can appear in double form; for example, in the word ėßß ("is").

Speakers

In Cologne, it is actively spoken by about 250,000 people, roughly one quarter of the population. Almost all speakers are also fluent in standard or 'high' German. It is widely understood in a region inhabited by some 10 million people (a conservative estimate).

Area

There are local (decreasingly divergent) variants of Kölsch in the Quarters, most notably those only recently incorporated into the city, and the Hinterland. Sometimes, also the far more than 100 clearly distinct Ripuarian languages of Belgium, Netherlands, and German Rhineland are incorrectly referred to as Kölsch, as well as the so called rheinisch tongue. In fact, the rheinisch regiolect has very little in common with Kölsch, being a variety of standard German, to which it is so close that local speakers of lesser education usually cannot even tell the difference.

Language family

Kölsch is one of the variants of the Ripuarian dialects (also known as the Rhinelandic or rheinisch dialects - as opposed to the regiolect), which belong to the West Franconian family, itself a variant of West Middle German. It is closely related to the lower Rhineland (niederrheinisch) and Moselle Franconian (moselfränkisch) dialects and combines some features of them, as well employing a variety of words being hardly in use elsewhere. Common with the Limburgish language group and other Ripuarian languages, it has a distinct intonation, referred to as the 'singing' rheinisch tone. In fact, there are several, rather often used words only distinguishable by slight intonation differences, very noticeable ones to locals, though. Also Kölsch conveys different meaning by different intonation inside sentences; for example each of: He meant what he said, He was only consoling (someone), He knew what he was saying, He did not mean what he said, He was lying/pretending, He said exactly that, It is most questionable that he said something like that, He did say that, It was him who said that (and no one else), He has expressed that precisely so, He would have said that so (but was involuntarily kept from), He said that so orally (but did not write it, sign it, etc.), and six different questions, can be meant by: Dat hätt dä esu jesaat.

Modern form

In its modern form it is of comparatively recent origin. It developed from Historic Colognian. It particularly thrived in contact with French during the occupation of Cologne under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1794-1815 and thus contains many words from and expressions pertaining to French. There are also phonological similarities in that it is regarded a very nasal dialect by some, and it exhibits consonant liaison.

Contrastive linguistics

In comparison to most other German dialects, Kölsch is unusually well documented through the work of the Akademie för uns Kölsche Sproch and scholars like Adam Wrede whose publications include a dictionary, a grammar and a variety of phrase books. While Kölsch is not commonly taught in schools (although there are often extracurricular offerings) and a lot of young people do not have a proper command of it, many theaters exist that perform exclusively in Kölsch, most notably the Volkstheater Millowitsch, named after the late Willy Millowitsch (1909-1999) and the famous puppet theater, Hänneschentheater. There has also recently been an increase in literature written in this dialect and both traditional music and rock in Kölsch are very popular in Cologne, especially around Carnival. The Kölsch rock group BAP is even among the most successful rock bands in Germany. Another noticeable phenomenon is the watered-down usage of the dialect by German TV personalities, like comedian Gabi Köster.

Etymology

In Kölsch, kölsch was originally and still is an adjective meaning 'of or pertaining to Cologne' and was nominalized to refer to the dialect or to the local beer.

The Lord's Prayer in Kölsch

This is a relatively recent, and modern, version of the Lord's Prayer in Colognian, by Jean Jenniches (1894-1979)

See also

Aachen dialect

Colognian grammar

References

External links

'Hover & Hear' Kölsch pronunciations, and compare with equivalents in English and other Germanic languages.

Category:Culture in Cologne Category:Central German languages Category:German dialects Category:City colloquials Category:North Rhine-Westphalia Category:Tonal languages

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	Nas
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones
Alias	Nasty Nas
Born	September 14, 1973Brooklyn, New York, United States
Origin	Queensbridge, Queens, New York
Instrument	sampler, Keyboards
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper, actor
Years active	1991–present
Label	Columbia, Def Jam, Ill Will, The Jones Experience
Associated acts	Olu Dara, The Firm, Bravehearts, Kelis, Mobb Deep, Damian Marley, Large Professor, Game, Wu-Tang Clan
Url

Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones Nas's parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school in the eighth grade. He educated himself about African culture through The Five Per Cent Nation, the Bible and the Qur'an. Called the new Rakim,

1999–2000: I Am... and Nastradamus

In 1998, Nas began work on a double album, to be entitled I Am... The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life. The album was completed in early 1999, and a music video was shot for its lead single, "Nas Is Like". It was produced by DJ Premier and contained vocal samples from "It Ain't Hard to Tell". Music critic M.F. DiBella noticed that Nas also covered "politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics.

Columbia had scheduled to release the pirated material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the latter half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus. Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date. Though critics were not kind to the album, it did result in a minor hit, "You Owe Me". It was produced by Timbaland and featured R&B; singer Ginuwine. The only pirated track from I Am... to make it onto Nastradamus was "Project Windows," featuring Ronald Isley. A number of the other bootlegged tracks later made their way onto The Lost Tapes, a collection of underground Nas songs that was released by Columbia in September 2002. The collection saw decent sales and received glowing reviews. QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas. The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl. Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single "Da Bridge 2001," which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording "The Bridge." Jay-Z, in his song "Takeover", criticized Nas by calling him "fake" and his career "lame". In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan.

Nas was featured on Kanye West's album Late Registration on a song titled "We Major". West said the song was Jay-Z's favorite on the album, but West was unable to get Jay-Z to record a vocal for the final mix of the song. He also appeared on Damian Marley's song "Road to Zion" and several other songs such as "Death Anniversary" and "It Wasn't You" (featuring Lauryn Hill).

2006: Hip Hop Is Dead

In January 2006, Nas signed a label deal with Def Jam, emphasizing collaboration over competition with former rival Jay-Z. Nas's original title for his next album was Hip Hop Is Dead...The N

Personal life

In 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny. Bryan had allegedly had a sexual relationship with Jay-Z and Allen Iverson after she and Nas had split up. In 2005, Nas married R&B; singer Kelis in Atlanta after a two-year relationship. On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Kelis gave birth to his first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis' wishes. The birth was announced by Nas via an online video. On July 23, a judge in New York City ordered Nas to pay Kelis $55,000 per month in child and spousal support after Kelis tried to collect $100,000 a month in child support. The couple's divorce was finalized May 21, 2010.

Nas is a spokesperson and mentor for P'Tones Records a non-profit after school music program that's mission is "to create constructive opportunities for urban youth through no-cost music programs" Nas is also an adherent to the Nation of Gods and Earths, otherwise called five percenters.

Discography

; Studio albums

Illmatic (1994)

It Was Written (1996)

I Am... (1999)

Nastradamus (1999)

Stillmatic (2001)

God's Son (2002)

Street's Disciple (2004)

Hip Hop Is Dead (2006)

Untitled (2008)

; Collaboration albums

The Firm: The Album (with The Firm) (1997)

QB's Finest (with Various Artists) (2000)

Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010)

; Compilation albums

(2002)

The Lost Tapes (2002)

Greatest Hits (2007)

The Lost Tapes: Vol. 2 (2011)

Filmography

Awards/Nominations

Grammy Awards

* 2010, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group: "Too Many Rappers" Nominated

* 2009, Best Rap Solo Performance: "N*gger" Nominated

* 2009, Best Rap Album: (Nas) Nominated

* 2008, Best Rap Album: (Hip-Hop Is Dead) Nominated

* 2008, Best Rap Performance by a duo or Group: "Best Than I Ever Been" Nominated

* 2003, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group: "The Essence" Nominated

* 2003, Best Short-Form Music Video: "One Mic" Nominated

* 2000, Best Rap Album: (I Am) Nominated

* 1997, Best Rap Solo Performance: "If I Ruled the World" Nominated

MTV Video Music Awards

* 2005, Best Hip-Hop Video: "Bridging the Gap" Nominated

* 2003, Best Rap Video: "I Can" Nominated

* 2003, Best Rap Video: "Thug Mansion" Nominated

* 2002, Video of the Year: "One Mic" Nominated

* 2002, Best Rap Video: "One Mic" Nominated

* 1999, Best Rap Video: "Hate Me Now" Nominated

References

Further reading

External links

Official site at Def Jam

Nas at MTV

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:1990s rappers Category:2000s rappers Category:2010s rappers Category:African American film actors Category:African American rappers Category:American dance musicians Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Def Jam Recordings artists Category:Hip hop activists Category:Ill Will Records artists Category:Members of the Nation of Gods and Earths Category:People from Queens Category:Rappers from New York City

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Playername	Lukas Podolski
Fullname	Lukas Josef Podolski
- style	"background:beige"
- style	"background:beige"
- style	"background:lemonchiffon"
- style	"background:lemonchiffon"
- style	"background:lemonchiffon"
Bg	gold
Title	Awards

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Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:German footballers Category:1. FC Köln II players Category:1. FC Köln players Category:FC Bayern Munich players Category:FC Bayern Munich II players Category:Germany international footballers Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players Category:2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players Category:Fußball-Bundesliga players Category:Germany under-21 international footballers Category:People from Gliwice Category:German people from the Polish part of Silesia Category:German people of Silesian descent Category:German people of Polish descent Category:Naturalized citizens of Germany

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	Kylie Minogue
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kylie Ann Minogue
Birth date	May 28, 1968
Birth place	Melbourne, Australia
Genre	Pop, synthpop and is a judge on The X Factor, and her brother, Brendan, works as a news cameraman in Australia. From the age of 11, Kylie appeared in small roles in soap operas such as The Sullivans and Skyways, and in 1985 was cast in one of the lead roles in The Henderson Kids. until Kylie was cast in the soap opera Neighbours in 1986, as Charlene Mitchell, a schoolgirl turned garage mechanic. Neighbours achieved popularity in the UK, and a story arc that created a romance between her character and the character played by Jason Donovan, culminated in a wedding episode in 1987 that attracted an audience of 20 million British viewers. became the highest selling single of the 1980s, and "Turn It Into Love" was released as a single in Japan, where it reached number one.
Name	Minogue, Kylie
Alternative names	Minogue, Kylie Ann
Short description	pop singer, songwriter, actress
Date of birth	28 May 1968
Place of birth	Melbourne, Australia
Place of death	}}

Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:1980s singers Category:1990s singers Category:2000s singers Category:2010s singers Category:Actors from Melbourne Category:ARIA Award winners Category:Australian child actors Category:Australian dance musicians Category:Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:Australian female singers Category:Australian film actors Category:Australian pop singers Category:Australian television actors Category:Australian people of Irish descent Category:Australian people of Welsh descent Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:BRIT Award winners Category:Capitol Records artists Category:Disco musicians Category:Freestyle musicians Category:Gold Logie winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:Parlophone artists Category:Recipients of the Centenary Medal Category:Singers from Melbourne Category:The X Factor judges Category:The X Factor (UK)