- published: 09 Apr 2013
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A tribe is viewed, historically or developmentally, as a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. Many anthropologists used the term tribal society to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups (see clan and kinship).
Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between bands and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to, states.
It is important to note that the word 'tribe' is a contested term due to its roots in colonial anthropological foundations and the connotations that these hierarchical definitions have.It is common practice to use alternative terms like 'ethnic group' , or nation.
The English word tribe occurs in 12th-century Middle English literature as referring to one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the Roman state: Ramnes (Ramnenses), Tities (Titienses), and Luceres, corresponding, according to Varro, to the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans respectively. The Ramnes were named after Romulus, leader of the Latins, Tities after Tatius, leader of the Sabines, and Luceres after Lucumo, leader of an Etruscan army that had assisted the Latins. According to Livy, the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions. The term's ultimate etymology is uncertain, perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European roots *tri- ("three") and *bhew- ("to be").
A Tribe Called Quest is an American hip hop group, formed in 1985, and is composed of MC/producer Q-Tip, MC Phife Dawg aka Phife Diggy (Malik Taylor), and DJ/producer Ali Shaheed Muhammad. A fourth member, rapper Jarobi White, left the group after their first album but rejoined in 1991. Along with De La Soul, the group was a central part of the Native Tongues Posse, and enjoyed the most commercial success out of all the groups to emerge from that collective. Their innovative fusing of hip hop and jazz has had a lasting impact on hip hop music, helping to expand the art of hip hop production. Many of their songs, such as "Bonita Applebum", "Can I Kick It?", "I Left My Wallet in El Segundo", "Scenario", "Check the Rhime", "Jazz (We've Got)", "Award Tour" and "Electric Relaxation" are regarded as classics by the hip hop community.
They released five albums between 1990 and 1998. The first three LPs were highly acclaimed, but the group disbanded in 1998. In 2006, the group reunited and toured the U.S., and planned to release an album after some works in the studio. The group is regarded as iconic pioneers of alternative hip hop music, having helped to pave the way for innovative hip hop artists. John Bush of Allmusic called them "the most intelligent, artistic rap group during the 1990s," while the editors of About.com ranked them #4 on their list of the "25 Best Rap Groups of All Time." In 2005, A Tribe Called Quest received a Special Achievement Award at the Billboard R&B Hip-Hop Awards in Atlanta. In 2007, the group was formally honored at the 4th VH1 Hip Hop Honors.
Actors: Danny Blanco Hall (actor), Mark Camacho (actor), Ivana Milicevic (actress), Frank Schorpion (actor), Ivana Milicevic (actress), Sean Tucker (actor), Cynthia H. Margulis (producer), Joe Iacono (miscellaneous crew), Kevin Kasha (producer), Ernst Etchie Stroh (producer), James Coblentz (editor), Cecile Cristobal (actress), Francine Lebrun (miscellaneous crew), Niels Schneider (actor), Landon Liboiron (actor),
Plot: On the eve of his high school graduation, unremarkable Will Kidman finally bonds with the girl he has long yearned for, reclusive Eliana Wynter. But he also discovers a dark secret from his past... that he is about to become a werewolf. Now, in an effort to fight destiny and save their love as well as their lives, they must battle not only Will's growing blood lust but an army of fearsome beasts bent on killing them... and then, us all.
Keywords: black-dress, black-panties, bondage, bra-less, bully-comeuppance, disembodied-head, domineering-mother, fall-from-height, femme-fatale, first-sexual-experienceActors: William Butler (actor), Michelle Bauer (actress), Jesse Long (miscellaneous crew), Lenny Rose (actor), David DeCoteau (director), Julia Vera (actress), David DeCoteau (producer), John Schouweiler (producer), Billy Frank (actor), Marco Colombo (producer), Michael Huens (miscellaneous crew), Fred Kennamer (miscellaneous crew), Peggy McIntaggart (actress), Mike Jacobs Jr. (actor), Miriam L. Preissel (editor),
Plot: Maggie's brother is brutally killed by a gang of thugs. Maggie is in prison but is allowed to leave to go to her brother's funeral. At the funeral, she takes off and goes on a quest for her brother's killers so she can avenge his death in a pleasant, violent manner.
Keywords: drugs, female-nudity, female-protagonist, independent-film, murder, reference-to-blade-runner, revenge, teenager, throat-slitting