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1. Rudd Concession, October 30, 1888 Letter from King Lobengula to Queen Victoria, April 23, 1889. (back) 2. Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa, New York, 1991. (back) 3. Tapera Knox Chitiyo, "Land Violence and Compensation," Center for Conflict Resolution (Rondebosch, South Africa), May 2000. "Why Mugabe is Right...and these are the Facts," New African (London), June 2000. (back) 4. "Why Mugabe is Right...and these are the Facts," New African (London), June 2000. George Monbiot, "We Share the Blame for Zimbabwe," The Guardian (London), April 20, 2000. Embassy of Zimbabwe in the United States, "Resettlement and Land Issues." Francis Mdlongwa, "Zimbabwe Presses Land Distribution," Africa Recovery, December 1998. (back) 5. "Zimbabwe Country Assessment," UNDP Poverty Report 2000, United Nations Development Program. (back) 6. Deborah Potts, "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: Perceptions from Zimbabwe," School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. (back) 7. Deborah Potts, "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: Perceptions from Zimbabwe," School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Patrick Bond, "Political Reawakening in Zimbabwe," Monthly Review, April 1999. "UNDP Poverty Report 2000: Zimbabwe Country Assessment," UN Development Program, April 2000. "Zimbabwe Country Commercial Guide FY2002," U.S. Commercial Service. (back) 8. "Government Applauded for Abandoning ESAP," ZANUF-PF press release, November 1, 2001. (back) 9. "Controls on Prices are Back," The Herald (Harare), October 10, 2001. "People Oriented Measures," ZANU-PF press release, undated. "ESAP Dumped," The Herald (Harare), October 16, 2001. Andrew Meldrum, "Mugabe Returns to Socialism," The Guardian, October 16, 2001. (back) 10. "The MDC Privatisation & Outsourcing Policy for Zimbabwe," MDC policy paper, undated. (back) 11. "Social and Economic Policies for a New Millennium," MDC policy paper, May 26, 2000. (back) 12. Patrick Bond and Masimba Manyanya, Zimbabwe's Plunge - Exhausted Nationalism, Neoliberalism and the Search for Social Justice, Merlin Press, 2002. (back) 13. "Management of the Economy: for Whom?", ZANU-PF press release, undated. (back) 14. "IMF Declares Zimbabwe Ineligible to Use IMF Resources," IMF press release, September 25, 2001. (back) 15. "IMF Concludes 2001 Article IV Consultation with Zimbabwe," IMF Public Information Notice No. 02/64, December 2001. (back) 16. Zimbabwe Economic and Recovery Act of 2001, S. 494. "President Signs Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act," statement by President George W. Bush, December 21, 2001. (back) 17. "US Passes Zimbabwe Democracy Bill," The Herald (Harare), December 6, 2001. (back) 18. "U.S., Africa Strengthen Counter-Terrorism and Economic Ties," address by President George W. Bush before the African Growth and Opportunity Forum, Washington, D.C., October 29, 2001. (back) 19. "Zimbabwe Steering Towards Sanctions," Afrol News, November 30, 2001. (back) 20. Innocent Gore, "UK Threatens Malawi," The Herald (Harare), January 14, 2002. (back) 21. "Recent SADC Meeting Crucial," The Herald (Harare), February 8, 2002. (back) 22. "Both ZANU-PF, MDC Perpetrators of Violence Were Arrested: Chihuri," The Herald (Harare), June 10, 2002. "MDC Murders Two More," The Herald (Harare), February 11, 2002. (back) 23. "Zim Challenges EU," The Herald (Harare), February 6, 2002. (back) 24. "Mugabe Vows to Resist Sanctions," The Daily News (Harare), January 15, 2001. (back) 25. "Council Decision of 18 February 2002 Concluding Consultations with Zimbabwe Under Article 96 of the ACP-EC Partnership Agreement," European Union Official Journal, February 18, 2002. (back) 26. "EU Adopts Zimbabwe Sanctions, Pulls Out Observers as Violence Flares," Agence France Presse, February 19, 2002. (back) 27. "Anger Over Zimbabwe Sanctions," CNN, February 19, 2002. (back) 28. Sydney Masamvu, The Financial Gazette (Harare), March 28, 2002. "Zimbabwe Proclamation," proclamation by President George W. Bush, March 4, 2002. (back) 29. Peter O'Connor, "Zimbabwe Decision Reveals Deep Rift," Associated Press, March 5, 2002. (back) 30. "Commonwealth Delays Zimbabwe Sanctions Threat Until After Elections," Agence France Presse, March 5, 2002. (back) 31. Emelia Sithole, "Africa, West at Odds Over Zimbabwe Poll," Reuters, March 13, 2002. (back) 32. "Zimbabwe Suspended from Commonwealth," Agence France Presse, March 20, 2002. "Commonwealth Turns on Mugabe," The Daily Telegraph (London), March 20, 2002. "Mbeki Sacrificed a Despot to Keep his Grand Vision Alive," The Guardian (London), March 20, 2002. (back) 33. Robert Cooper, "The Post-Modern State," essay in Reordering the World: the Long-term Implications of September 11, Foreign Policy Centre (London), 2002. (back) 34. Morgan Handini, "Planned Mass Action Threatens to Destroy MDC," The Herald (Harare), June 12, 2002. (back) 35. Morgan Handini, "Planned Mass Action Threatens to Destroy MDC," The Herald (Harare), June 12, 2002. "UK Plans to Oust President," The Herald (Harare), February 25, 2002. (back) 36. "IMF Adopts Declaration of Noncooperation for Zimbabwe and Suspends Technical Assistance," International Monetary Fund press release No. 02/28, June 14, 2002. (back) 37. "Commission Regulation (EC) No 1345/2002," European Union regulation, July 24, 2002. (back) 38. "Zimbabwe Country Commercial Guide FY2002," U.S. Commercial Service. Ngoni Chanakira, "Manufacturing Continues to Shrink," The Daily News (Harare), June 13, 2002. (back) 39. "Dollar in Tailspin," Zimbabwe Standard (Harare), June 16, 2002. Masimba Karikoga, "US Dollar Hits All Time Low on Black Market," The Herald (Harare), July 1, 2002. (back) 40. "Forex Reserves Down to 3 Days," Financial Gazette (Harare), June 20, 2002. (back) 41. Paul Nyakazeya, "Unemployment Rate Exceeds 70 %," Zimbabwe Standard (Harare), June 9, 2002. "Food Shortages in Zimbabwe: the Facts," United Nations World Food Program. "Zimbabwe: Hunger Warning Could Be Last Straw," UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, June 14, 2002. (back) 42. Paul Nyakazeya, "Panic Withdrawals from FCAs," Zimbabwe Standard (Harare), July 2, 2002. (back) 43. Columbus Mavhunga, "Zimdollar Slumps," The Daily News (Harare), June 26, 2002. (back) 44. Pedzisai Ruhanya, "International Sanctions Bite Electricity Supply Authority," The Daily News (Harare), July 31, 2002. Maviva announced losses totally 1 billion Zimbabwe dollars. At the official exchange rate of 55 Z = 1 US, that would be $18 million. For those reports from the press in Zimbabwe which do provide conversion, the conversion works out so that it appears that Zimbabwe uses the American definition of billion (9 zeros), rather than the British (12 zeros). (back) 45. Lovemore Mataire, "UK Steps Up Campaign to Oust President," The Herald (Harare), January 2, 2001. (back) 46. "About WFD," www.wfd.org (back) 47. "External NGOs Accused of Violating Political Parties Act," The Herald (Harare), September 4, 2001. (back) 48. Olley Maruma, "WDF Bankrolling MDC," The Herald (Harare), January 1, 2002. (back) 49. "Zim New Law to Clamp Down on Britons, Political Party Funding," The Namibian (Windhoek), March 28, 2001. (back) 50. "About WFD," www.wfd.org (back) 51. Olley Maruma, "WDF Bankrolling MDC," The Herald (Harare), January 1, 2002. (back) 52. "Who We Are," Zimbabwe Democracy Trust, www.zimbabwedemocracytrust.org (back) 53. "About Ashanti Goldfields Company," Ashanti Goldfields Company, www.ashantigold.com "Directors & Non Executive Directors," Ashanti Goldfields Company, www.ashantigold.com (back) 54. "Who We Are," Zimbabwe Democracy Trust, www.zimbabwedemocracytrust.org (back) 55. Peter Sawyer and Martin Bright, "British Cash Behind Bid to Combat Mugabe," The Observer, May 21, 2000. (back) 56. "Objectives," Southern African Media Development Fund, www.samdef.bw "Projects Update - Zimbabwe," Southern African Media Development Fund, www.samdef.bw "Daily News Sued Over Debt," The Financial Gazette (Harare), November 16, 2000. "SAMDEF Drops Bid to Liquidate ANZ," The Daily News (Harare), July 5, 2002. (back) 57. "New Opportunities for the Media in Southern Africa," CAF, http://villa.intermax.nl/cafsco/us/projects/artafrica4.htm (back) 58. "The Role of Media in Democracy: a Strategic Approach," Center for Democracy and Governance, U.S. Agency for International Development, June 1999. (back) 59. "Partners," Southern African Media Development Fund, www.samdef.bw (back) 60. "New Opportunities for the Media in Southern Africa," CAF, http://villa.intermax.nl/cafsco/us/projects/artafrica4.htm "About Zimbabwe Watch," Zimbabwe Watch, http://www.niza.nl/zimbabwewatch/index_about.html (back) 61. "New International Organization to Support Media in Conflict Areas," International Journalists' Network, www.ijnet.org (back) 62. "Recent Interventions," International Media Support, http://www.i-m-s.dk (back) 63. "Zimbabwe Program Data Sheet," U.S. Agency for International Development, www.usaid.gov (back) 64. "Zimbabwe Media Dossier: SW Radio Africa," Radio Netherlands Wereldomroep, http://www.rnw.nl/realradio/html/zimbabwe-swradioafrica.html Chris McGreal, "US Funds Penetrate Zimbabwe Airwaves," The Guardian, January 24, 2002. (back) 65. "The Role of Media in Democracy: a Strategic Approach," Center for Democracy and Governance, U.S. Agency for International Development, June 1999. (back) 66. "Stop Illegal Broadcasts, EU Urged," The Herald (Harare), January 14, 2002. (back) 67. "Food Shortages in Zimbabwe: the Facts," World Food Program, www.wfp.org John Vidal, "Southern Africa Faces Famine," The Guardian, May 30, 2002. "Southern Africa Hunger Reports: 12.8 Million Lives at Risks," World Food Program, www.wfp.org (back) 68. Andrew Maykuth, "In Southern Africa, Bracing for Famine," Philadelphia Inquirer, May 20, 2002. "Food Shortages in Malawi: the Facts," World Food Program, www.wfp.org (back) 69. "Food Shortages in Lesotho: the Facts," World Food Program, www.wfp.org (back) 70. "Food Shortages in Swaziland: the Facts," World Food Program, www.wfp.org "Aid Workers Fighting to Feed Millions Starving in Southern Africa," Agence France Presse, June 9, 2002. (back) 71. "Zimbabwe: Urgent Aid Needed to Avert Catastrophe," UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, May 29, 2002. "Food Shortages in Zimbabwe: the Facts," World Food Program, www.wfp.org "Zim Agriculture to Shrink by 25 %," Financial Gazette (Harare), August 1, 2002. (back) 72. "Why Mugabe is Right...and these are the Facts," New African (London), June 2000. Francis Mdlongwa, "Zimbabwe Presses Land Reform," Africa Recovery, December 1998. (back) 73. "Most Severe Drought Expected," The Daily News (Harare), March 22, 2002. "Most of Country's Maize Crop a Write-Off: Agritex," The Herald (Harare), March 19, 2002. (back) 74. Gamal Nkrumah, "Feed the Famished," Al-Ahram (Cairo), June 13-19, 2002. (back) 75. "US$23 Million Required Immediately for Food," The Financial Gazette (Harare), May 9,2002. "Change Policies, EU Tells Mugabe," Financial Gazette (Harare), May 2, 2002. (back) 76. "1,8bn Food Aid for Zim," The Herald (Harare), August 10, 2002. (back) 77. "U.S. Government Increases Emergency Food Assistance to Zimbabwe," U.S. State Department press release, May 30, 2002. "UK Gives Zim #22 Million for Food, Crop Inputs," The Herald (Harare), June 26, 2002. "EU Unveils Zimbabwe Aid Package," The Guardian (London), August 7, 2002. (back) 78. Ngoni Chanakira, "Official Says GM Maize Would Have Hit Country's Beef Exports," The Daily News (Harare), June 17, 2002. Andrew Meldrum, "Starving Zimbabwe Shuns Offer of GM Maize," The Guardian (London), June 1, 2002. "Zambia Rejects U.S. Genetic Corn," Associated Press, August 17, 2002 Rick Weiss, "Zimbabwe Ends Altered-Corn Dispute," Washington Post, August 10, 2002. Michael Dynes, "Africa Torn Between GM Aid and Starvation," The Times (London), August 6, 2002. (back) 79. Abel Mutsakani, "Donors Tell Mugabe: No Devaluation, No Food Aid," Financial Gazette (Harare), May 14, 2002. "Change Policies, EU Tells Mugabe," Financial Gazette (Harare), May 2, 2002. (back) 80. "IMF, World Bank Snub Zim on Food Aid," Financial Gazette (Harare), August 7, 2002. (back) 81. "Grain Marketing Board's Defiance of Policy Unacceptable," The Herald (Harare), August 2, 2002. "GMB Shouldn't Have Defied State Policy," The Herald (Harare), August 10, 2002. (back) 82. Edgar Moyo, "GMB Impounds 36,000 Tonnes of Maize," The Herald (Harare), January 21, 2002. (back) 83. "Donors Wait for Gov't Nod on US $85 Million Food Facility," Financial Gazette (Harare), August 8, 2002. (back) 84. "Zimbabwe Country Commercial Guide FY2002," U.S. Commercial Service. (back) 85. Sam Moyo, "The Land Occupations Movement and Democratisation: the Contradictions of the Neoliberal Agenda in Zimbabwe." (back) 86. "Historical Conspectus," Embassy of Zimbabwe in Washington, D.C. (back) 87. "Historical Conspectus," Embassy of Zimbabwe in Washington, D.C. Angus Shaw, "Mugabe: Some Whites Can Keep Land," Associated Press, August 12, 2002. (back) 88. "Food Shortages in Zimbabwe: the Facts," World Food Program, www.wfp.org (back) 89. "Concerns Over Food Security Mount as Economic Problems Deepen and Disturbances Affect Food Production," Special Alert No. 307, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, April 28, 2000. (back) 90. Anne-Sophie Robilliard, Chrispen Sukume, Yukitsugu Yanoma, "Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Farm-Level Effects and Cost-Benefit Analysis," International Food Policy Research Institute, December 2001 (Revised May 2002). (back) 91. "How Land Reform Can Contribute to Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from International and Zimbabwean Experience," Klaus Deininger, Roger van den Brink, Hans Hoogeveen, Sam Moyo, April 26, 2000. (back) 92. C.H. Matarira, J.M. Makadho, F.C. Mwamuka, "Zimbabwe: Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production and Adaptive Measures for the Agricultural Sector," Interim Report on Climate Change Country Studies, 1995, www.gcrio.org (back) 93. Ben Fuller, George Eiseb, Lovemore Rugube, Walter Chambati, "Land Redistribution in Namibia and Zimbabwe," Basis Briefs, August 2002. (back) 94. "Zimbabwe: Irrigation Schemes Would Allow Year Round Farming, FAO," UN Integrated Information Networks, July 30, 2002. (back) 95. "Government Ups Agrarian Reforms Budget to US$bn," Financial Gazette (Harare), April 25, 2002. (back) 96. "Farmers Face Test," The Herald (Harare), August 17, 2002. (back) 97. Ruth Nabakwe, "New Agriculture Policy Expected to Maximize Food Production," The Perspective (Smyrna, Georgia), July 31, 2002. (back) 98. "International Pressure Mounts Against ZANU-PF Government," Financial Gazette (Harare), August 15, 2002. (back) 99. "Daily Press Briefing," Philip T. Reeker, Deputy Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, August 7, 2002. (back) 100. "More Than 100 Byo Firms Close," Financial Gazette (Harare), August 15, 2002. (back) 101. "Fuel Crisis Set to Worsen As BP Blocks Supplies to Zim," Financial Gazette (Harare), August 15, 2002. (back) 102. "State of the Nation Address," by President Robert Mugabe, The Herald (Harare), December 19, 2001. (back) Back to the beginning of the essay, Zimbabwe Under Siege, by Gregory Elich · · · · · ·
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