- published: 08 Jan 2016
- views: 302976
Royalty-free music commonly refers to stock or 'library music' licensed for a single fee, without the need to pay any subsequent royalties.
There are many applications for which music must be licensed, such as for use in video and multimedia production, but the traditional payment structure (in which a royalty is charged for each usage) would be cumbersome or more costly. Royalty-free music libraries originally addressed this by offering music that could be purchased for (in most cases) a one-time fee and then be used by the purchaser as many times as needed.
For example: If a piece of royalty-free music were purchased to be used on a multimedia CD project, it would not matter if one CD or 100,000 CDs were produced - the purchase fee would be exactly the same.
However, users of royalty-free music have found this is now often not the case. Several independent libraries were bought out by larger businesses that have altered the basic meaning of the term. For example the royalty-free music license at SmartSound states "You must obtain a "mechanical" license for replication of quantities in excess of 10,000 units."
'Free music is music that, like free software, can freely be copied, distributed and modified for any purpose. Thus free music is either in the public domain or licensed under a free license by the artist or copyright holder themselves, often as a method of promotion. It does not mean that there should be no fee involved. The word free refers to freedom (as in free software), not to price.
The Free Music Philosophygenerally encourages creators to free music using whatever language or methods they wish. A Free Music Public License (FMPL) is available for those who prefer a formal approach. Some free music is licensed under licenses that are intended for software (like the GPL) or other writings (the GFDL). But there are also licenses especially for music and other works of art, such as EFF's Open Audio License, LinuxTag's Open Music License, the Free Art license and some of the Creative Commons Licences.
Before the advent of copyright law in the early 18th century and its subsequent application to music compositions first, all music was "free" according to the definitions used in free software or free music, since there were no copyright restrictions. In practice however, music reproduction was generally restricted to live performances and the legalities of playing other people's music was unclear in most jurisdictions. Copyright laws changed this gradually so much so that in the late 20th century, copying a few words of a musical composition or a few seconds of a sound recording, the two forms of music copyright, could be considered criminal infringement.
Royalty-free, or RF, refers to the right to use copyrighted material or intellectual property without the need to pay royalties for each use or per volume sold, or some time period of use or sales.
Many computer industry standards, especially those developed and submitted by industry consortiums or individual companies, involve royalties for the actual use of these standards. These royalties are typically charged on a "per port" basis, where the manufacturer of end-user devices has to pay a small fixed fee for each device sold. With millions of devices sold each year, the royalties can amount to several millions of dollars, which is a significant burden for the manufacturer. Examples of such royalties-based standards include IEEE 1394, HDMI, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.
Royalty-free standards do not include any "per-port" or "per-volume" charges or annual payments for the use of the standard, even though the text of the actual specification is typically protected by copyright and needs to be purchased from the standards body.