The History Of The Second Barbary War
The Second Barbary War (1815), also known as the Algerine or
Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the
United States and the
Ottoman Empire's
North African regencies of
Tripoli,
Tunis, and
Algeria, known collectively as the
Barbary states. The war between the Barbary states and the
U.S. ended in 1815; the international dispute would effectively be ended the following year by
Great Britain and the
Netherlands. The war brought an end to the
American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states and helped mark the beginning of the end of piracy in that region, which had been rampant in the days of Ottoman domination (
16th–
18th centuries).
Within decades,
European powers built ever more sophisticated and expensive ships which the
Barbary pirates could not match in numbers or technology.
After the
First Barbary War (1801–1805), the U.S. found its attention diverted to its worsening relationship with Great Britain over trade with
France, which culminated in the
War of 1812. The
Barbary pirate states took this opportunity to return to their practice of attacking American, as well as
European merchant vessels in the
Mediterranean Sea and holding their crews and officers for ransom.
At the same time, the major European powers were still involved in the
Napoleonic Wars which did not fully end until 1815.
United States' response
At the conclusion of the
War of 1812, however,
America could once again turn its sights on
North Africa. On 3 March 1815, the
U.S. Congress authorized deployment of naval power against
Algiers, and two squadrons were assembled and readied for war. The squadron under the command of
Commodore William Bainbridge was ported in
Boston while Commodore
Stephen Decatur's squadron was at
New York.
Decatur's squadron was ready to set sail first and departed 20 May 1815. It comprised the frigates
USS Guerriere, the flag ship, with 44 guns, commanded by
Captain William Lewis;
Constellation, with 36 guns, commanded by Captain
Charles Gordon, and
Macedonia with 38 guns, under the command of Captain
Jacob Jones; the sloops-of-war Eperyie, commanded by
Captain John Downes, and
Ontario with 16 guns, commanded by Captain
Jesse D. Elliott; the brigs
Firefly,
Spark and
Flambeau, each with 14 guns, commanded by Lieutenants
George W. Kodgers,
Thomas Gamble, and
John B.
Nicholson; and the schooners
Torch and
Spitfire, both with 12 guns, commanded by Lieutenants
Wolcott Chauncey and
Alexander J. Dallas. Mr.
William Shaler.
Bainbridge's command was still assembling, and did not depart until 1 July, thereby missing the actions.
Negotiations
Shortly after departing
Gibraltar en route to Algiers, Decatur's squadron encountered the Algerian flagship Meshuda, and, in a battle off
Cape Gata, captured it. Not long afterward, the American squadron likewise off
Cape Palos captured the Algerian brig Estedio. By the final week of June, the squadron had reached Algiers and had initiated negotiations with the Dey. After persistent demands for recompensation mingled with threats of destruction, the Dey capitulated. By terms of the treaty signed aboard the
Guerriere in the Bay of Algiers, 3 July 1815, Decatur agreed to return the captured Meshuda and Estedio while the Algerians returned all American captives, estimated to be about 10, and a significant number of European captives[citation needed] were exchanged for about
500 subjects of the Dey along with $10,
000 in payment for seized shipping. The treaty guaranteed no further tributes and granted the United States full shipping rights.
Aftermath
In early 1816,
Britain undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line, to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop their piracy and free the
Christian slaves. The Beys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the
Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy. The leader of the diplomatic mission,
Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, believed that he had managed to negotiate a treaty to stop the slavery of Christians and returned to
England. However, due to confused orders, Algerian troops massacred
200 Corsican,
Sicilian and
Sardinian fishermen who were under
British protection just after the treaty was signed. This caused outrage in Britain and
Europe and
Exmouth's negotiations were seen as a failure.