- published: 30 Oct 2015
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An étude (/ ˈeɪtjuːd /; French pronunciation: [eˈtyd], a French word meaning study) is an instrumental musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty, usually designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular technical skill. The tradition of writing études emerged in the early 19th century with the rapidly growing popularity of the piano. Of the vast number of études from that era some are still used as teaching material (particularly pieces by Carl Czerny and Muzio Clementi), and a few, by major composers such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Claude Debussy and Charles-Valentin Alkan, achieved a place in today's concert repertory. Composers of the 20th century variously composed études related to the old tradition (György Ligeti), études that required wholly unorthodox technique (John Cage), and études that required unusually facile technique.
Studies, "lessons" and other didactic instrumental pieces composed before the 19th century are very varied, without any established genres. The pieces in lute instruction books, such as the celebrated Varietie of Lute-Lessons (1610), may be arranged in order of increasing difficulty, but will usually include both simple teaching pieces and masterworks by renowned composers. Domenico Scarlatti's 30 Essercizi per gravicembalo ("30 Exercises for harpsichord", 1738) do not differ in scope from his other keyboard works, and Johann Sebastian Bach's four volumes of Clavier-Übung ("keyboard practice") contain everything from simple organ duets to the extensive and difficult Goldberg Variations.
Harald Lander (1905 – 1971) is a Danish dancer, choreographer and artistic director of the Royal Danish Ballet.
Lander started as a dancer, studying under ballet master Michel Fokine in 1926-27. He danced various principal roles until his retirement in 1945.
During his tenure as artistic director and ballet master of the Royal Danish Ballet from 1932 to 1951, he enriched the company's repertoire with productions of Fokine's iconic masterpieces and Bournonville revivals.
His most famous choreographic work, "Études", which later brought him international fame, is considered an homage to classical ballet training. "Études" is a one-act ballet that begins with traditional ballet exercises at a barre and ends with spectacular bravura displays.
He became ballet master of the Paris Opera Ballet in 1953 and opened his own studio in Paris in 1964. He was decorated by the governments of Denmark, Belgium, and France for his contributions to ballet. Lander returned to Copenhagen shortly before his death in 1971.
Einojuhani Rautavaara ( pronunciation (help·info)) (born October 9, 1928 in Helsinki) is a Finnish composer of contemporary classical music, and is one of the most notable Finnish composers after Jean Sibelius.
Rautavaara was born in Helsinki in 1928 and studied at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki under Aarre Merikanto from 1948 to 1952 before he was recommended a scholarship to study at the Juilliard School in New York City. There he was taught by Vincent Persichetti, and he also took lessons from Roger Sessions and Aaron Copland at Tanglewood. He first came to international attention when he won the Thor Johnson Contest for his composition A Requiem in Our Time in 1954.
Rautavaara served as a non-tenured teacher at the Sibelius Academy from 1957 to 1959, music archivist of the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra from 1959 to 1961, rector of the Käpylä Music Institute in Helsinki from 1965 to 1966, tenured teacher at the Sibelius Academy from 1966 to 1976, artist professor (appointed by the Arts Council of Finland) from 1971 to 1976, and professor of composition at the Sibelius Academy from 1976 to 1990.