Colonel Francis Hacker (died 19 October 1660) was an English soldier who fought for Parliament during the English Civil War and one of the Regicides of King Charles I of England.

Hacker was one of those soldiers of fortune that rose to rank, and became noticed, throughout the troubles of the times they lived in. Very little is known of his private history, or from what family he was descended. As a soldier and officer he was held in great trust by Oliver Cromwell and his party, and acted a principal part in the trial and execution of King Charles I. The particulars of the share Colonel Hacker had in that transaction, is related by Colonel Tomlinson, at Hacker's trial, in the following words:^[2]

I had indeed to do with the guard; being then an officer of the army, a colonel of horse. When the King came to St. James's, it was observed by some, that there was too great an access of people admitted to the King; and within a day or two after, there was a party of halberdiers appointed for the stricter observing the guard; they were commanded by three gentlemen, of whom this prisoner at the bar was one. The orders every day for removing the person of the king were commonly directed to four persons, and those were, myself, Lieutenant-colonel Cobbet, Captain Merryman, and one more; but the guards that still went along were the halberdiers. So that every day when the King did go to Westminster, he went to Sir Robert Cotton's house, and so far I went with him, but never saw him at that pretended high court of justice. When he used to go to Westminster Hall, Serjeant Dendy used to come, and demand that the King should go to the high court of justice, and Colonel Hacker did ordinarily go with him, with the halberdiers. It was my custom to stay in the room till he came back again. These orders continued during the time of his trial. After the sentence was given, on the day whereon the execution was to be done, it was ordered, that the guards that were for the security of the person of the king should cease, when a warrant from the high court of justice for the execution should be produced.

—Tomlinson^[2]

Colonel Tomlinson further deposed, "that Colonel Hacker led the King forth on the day of his execution, followed by the bishop of London, and was there in prosecution of that warrant, and upon the same their orders were at an end."^[2] This evidence of Tomlinson was corroborated by Colonel Huncks, who stated that:

a little before the hour the king died, he was in Ireton's chamber, in Whitehall, where Ireton and Harrison were in bed together; that Cromwell, Colonel Hacker, Lieutenant-colonel Phayer, Axtel, and himself, were standing at the door, Colonel Hacker reading the warrant; but Upon witnesses' refusal to draw up an order for the executioner, Cromwell would have no delay, but stepping to a table that stood by the door, on which were pens, ink, and paper, he wrote something; which as soon as he had done, gives the pen to Hacker, who also wrote something, on which the execution of the king followed.^[2]

Hacker was found guilty, and executed on 19 October 1660 at Tyburn. His body was put into a hearse sent to the place of execution by his son, who had begged it of the king; and the request being granted, without quartering, the son arranged for burial in the city of London.^[2]

References[link]

Attributions

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "A Biographical History of England: From Egbert the Great to the Revolution. ...", by James Granger (1824)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011)

Poulenc and harpsichordist Wanda Landowska.

Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃sis ʒɑ̃ maʁsɛl pulɛ̃k]) (7 January 1899 – 30 January 1963)^[1] was a French composer and a member of the French group Les Six. He composed solo piano music, chamber music, oratorio, choral music, opera, ballet music, and orchestral music. Critic Claude Rostand, in a July 1950 Paris-Presse article, coined the term "half monk, half thug" (translated by Ivry from "le moine et le voyou"), a phrase that would often be used to describe Poulenc.^[2]

Biography[link]

Career[link]

Poulenc was born in Paris in 1899. His father Emile Poulenc was a second generation director of the Poulenc, and later Rhône-Poulenc, chemical corporation.^[3] His mother, an amateur pianist, taught him to play. He was introduced to Ricardo Viñes in 1914, a champion of the music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and became his pupil shortly afterwards.^[4] He was a capable pianist,^[5] and the keyboard dominated his early compositions.

In 1916 a childhood friend, Raymonde Linossier (1897-1930), introduced Poulenc to Adrienne Monnier's bookshop, the Maison des Amis des Livres.^[6] There he met avant-garde poets such as Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Paul Eluard and Louis Aragon.^[7] He was to set many of their poems to music.

His first known piece, Rapsodie Nègre (1917), caught Stravinsky's attention.^[8] Stravinsky was later instrumental in having the work published in London.

Le Bestiaire, ou Le Cortège d'Orphée (also in 1917) is a cycle of melodies on poems by Guillaume Apollinaire. In 1918 he gave the premiere of his Sonata for piano four hands with a fellow Viñes pupil, Marcelle Meyer.^{[citation needed]}

Poulenc premiered several of his new pieces - the Sonata for Two Clarinets, the Sonata for Piano Four Hands, a Sonata for Violin and Piano, and Trois movements perpétuels - at a series of concerts held from 1917 to 1920 in painter Émile Lejeune's studio in Montparnasse.^[9] There Poulenc met other young composers, and together they formed first Erik Satie’s Nouveaux jeunes and then Jean Cocteau’s Les Six, a loose-knit group of young French and (one) Swiss composers. Poulenc composed his Valse en ut for L'album des six (1920) and also contributed to Les mariés de la tour Eiffel (1921) with Discours du Général and La Baigneuse de Trouville.

During the 1920s, Poulenc's most immediate influences were Chabrier, Debussy, Satie, and Stravinsky, and he generally followed the irreverent, flippant aesthetic stance of Les Six with melodies in which the influence of Parisian music halls is deeply felt.

Between 1921 and 1925 Poulenc received his first formal musical training when he studied composition with Charles Koechlin (1921-25).^[10] But he mostly remained a self-taught composer.

Diaghilev commissioned ballet music for Les biches, given by the Ballets Russes in January 1924, with settings by Marie Laurencin.

In 1926 he met baritone Pierre Bernac, who became a very close friend (but not a sexual partner). A great many of the chansons and melodies Poulenc wrote were composed for Bernac. They gave recitals throughout the world together from 1935 until 1959.

In 1927, Poulenc bought « Le grand coteau », a house close to Noizay, in the Touraine where he enjoyed the quiet atmosphere he needed to work.

In 1928 he composed the Concert champêtre, a piece for harpsichord and orchestra commissioned by Wanda Landowska. It was dedicated to Poulenc's lover, painter Richard Chanlaire.

In the same year Poulenc recorded his Trois mouvements perpétuels and the Trio for piano, oboe and bassoon, and then Le Bestiaire. He also started publishing musical reviews in Les Arts phoniques.

He created his Concerto for two pianos and orchestra with Jacques Février in 1932. Also in 1932 Le Bal Masqué, a lighter piece, was created privately at the Noailles.

Poulenc's religious reawakening in 1936 resulted in the creation of his first sacred pieces, Litanies à la Vierge Noire de Rocamadour (1936) and the Mass in G (1937); this trend toward "new dimensions and greater depth" in the composer's style was solidified by the song cycle Tel jour, telle nuit (1937) and Concerto in G minor for organ, strings, and timpani (1938). The remainder of Poulenc's career consisted of a "gradual deepening and distillation" of his basic style, and featured an increased concentration on sacred music and music for the stage, including Les mamelles de Tirésias (1947), Stabat Mater (1950), Dialogues of the Carmelites (1957), Gloria (1959), and Sept répons des ténèbres (1962). Among Poulenc's last major works is a series of sonatas for wind instruments and piano. He was particularly fond of woodwinds, and planned a set of sonatas for all of them, yet only lived to complete four: sonatas for flute, oboe, clarinet, and the Elégie for horn.

Poulenc had only one piano student, Gabriel Tacchino, who has performed and recorded all his piano music.^[11]

Poulenc was a featured pianist in recordings, including some of his own songs (with Pierre Bernac, recorded in 1947; and Rose Dercourt) and the Concerto for Two Pianos (recorded in May 1957). He supervised the 1961 world premiere recording of his Gloria, which was conducted by Georges Prêtre. His recordings were released by RCA Victor and EMI. Poulenc's Perpetual Motion No. 1 (1918) is used in Alfred Hitchcock's Rope (1948).

Poulenc's music is fundamentally tonal; although he made use of harmonic innovations such as pandiatonicism, chromatically altered chords, and even 12-tone rows (in a few of his last works), Poulenc never questioned the validity of traditional tonic-dominant harmony. Lyrical melody pervades his music and underlies his important contributions to vocal music, particularly French art song.

Personal life[link]

Some writers consider Poulenc one of the first openly gay composers.^[12] His first serious relationship was with painter Richard Chanlaire, to whom he wrote on his Concert champêtre score: "You have changed my life, you are the sunshine of my thirty years, a reason for living and working".^[13] He also once said, "You know that I am as sincere in my faith, without any messianic screamings, as I am in my Parisian sexuality."^[14] However, Poulenc's life was also one of inner struggle. Having been born and raised a Roman Catholic, he struggled throughout his life between coming to terms with his "unorthodox" sexual "appetites" and maintaining his religious convictions.^{[15][dubious – discuss]}

Poulenc lived at 5, rue de Médicis, Paris.

In 1923, Poulenc was "unable to do anything" for two days after the death from typhoid fever of twenty-year-old novelist Raymond Radiguet, Jean Cocteau's lover. However, two weeks later he made lewd jokes about a male ballet dancer to Sergei Diaghilev at the rehearsals of Les Biches.^[16] Then in 1930 came the death of Raymonde Linossier, a woman to whom he had proposed a marriage of convenience in 1928 and had remained a "cherished friend" until her death.^[17] In 1936, Poulenc was profoundly affected by the death of another composer, Pierre-Octave Ferroud. This led him to his first visit to the shrine of the Black Virgin of Rocamadour. Here, before the statue of the Madonna with a young child on her lap, Poulenc experienced a life-changing transformation. Thereafter, he produced a sizeable output of liturgical music or compositions based on religious themes.

In 1949, Poulenc experienced the death of a friend, the artist Christian Bérard, for whom he composed his Stabat Mater (1950).

Poulenc died of heart failure in Paris on 30 January 1963 and is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.^[18]

Works[link]

See List of compositions by Francis Poulenc.

Books[link]

Autobiographical[link]

• Francis Poulenc, Moi et mes amis, confidences recueillies par Stéphane Audel. Paris: La Palatine Ligugé, 1963, 206pp.
• Francis Poulenc, Journal de mes mélodies. Cicero, 1993, 160pp.
• Francis Poulenc, À bâtons rompus (écrits radiophoniques, Journal de vacances, Feuilles américaines), écrits édités par Lucie Kayas. Arles: Actes Sud, 1999.

Correspondence[link]

• Francis Poulenc Echo and Source. Selected Correspondence 1915-1963, translated and edited by Sidney Buckland. London: Gollancz, 1991, 448pp.
• Francis Poulenc, Correspondance 1910-1963, éditée par Myriam Chimènes. Paris: Fayard, 1994, 1128pp. ISBN 978-2-213-03020-3

Monographs[link]

• Simon Basinger, Les Cahiers de Francis Poulenc. Paris/collectif de l'Association F.Poulenc, 2008.
• Pierre Bernac, Francis Poulenc et ses mélodies. Paris: Buchet-Chastel, 1978, 220pp.
• Francine Bloch, Phonographie de Francis Poulenc. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1984.
• Sidney Buckland and Myriam Chimènes, eds. Poulenc: Music, Art and Literature. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, 409pp.
• Richard Burton, Francis Poulenc. Absolute Press, 2002, 114pp.
• Daniel, Keith W. (1982), Francis Poulenc: His Artistic Development and Musical Style, UMI Research Press, ISBN 978-0-8357-1284-2 
• Henri Hell, Francis Poulenc. Paris: Fayard, 1978, 391pp.
• Ivry, Benjamin (1996), Francis Poulenc, Phaidon Press Limited, ISBN 0-7148-3503-X. 
• Renaud Machart, Poulenc. Paris: Seuil, 1995, 252pp.
• Mellers, Wilfrid (1993), Francis Poulenc, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-816337-1 
• Alban Ramaut, Francis Poulenc et la voix. Lyon: Symétrie, 2005, 336 p.
• Jean Roy, Francis Poulenc. Paris: Seghers, 1964, 191pp.
• Carl B. Schmidt, Entrancing Muse: A Documented Biography of Francis Poulenc. London: Pendragon Pr, 2001, 621pp.

References[link]

External links[link]

Biography portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Francis Poulenc

• Francis Poulenc 1899-1963, the official website (French and English version)
• Francis Poulenc at Find a Grave
• Free scores by Francis Poulenc in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since May 2011. It relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Tagged since May 2011. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since May 2011. Its factual accuracy is disputed. Tagged since June 2011. It may contain original research. Tagged since May 2011.

George Hotz
Born	George Francis Hotz Jr. (1989-10-02) October 2, 1989 (age 22) Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
Nationality	American
Other names	geohot, million75, mil, dream hax0r
Alma mater	Bergen County Academies

George Francis Hotz (born October 2, 1989), alias geohot, million75 or simply mil, is an American hacker known for unlocking the iPhone, allowing the phone to be used with other wireless carriers, contrary to AT&T and Apple's intent.^[1][2] He is also noted for hacking the PlayStation 3 and subsequently being sued by and settling with Sony.

Personal life[link]

Hotz grew up in Glen Rock, New Jersey, the son of Marie Minichiello and George Hotz.^[3] He attended the Bergen County Academies, a magnet public high school. He was in AEDT (Academy for Engineering and Design Technology).^[4] Hotz is an alumnus of the Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth program.

Additionally, George Hotz attended the Rochester Institute of Technology for a short period of time. He started his major as a Biotechnology - Bioinformatics option major in August 2007, but withdrew from the institution soon after.

Hacking Apple iOS devices[link]

In June, 2007, Hotz became the first person to jailbreak an iPhone.^[5][6] According to Hotz's blog, he traded his unlocked 8 GB iPhone to Terry Daidone, the founder of Certicell, for a Nissan 350Z and three 8 GB iPhones. Hotz said he wanted to give the iPhones to the other members of the team who created the hack with him. Hotz's hardware-based unlocking technique has largely been replaced by software unlocking that does not require dis-assembly of the iPhone.^[7] On February 8, 2008, Hotz developed the software unlock for the iPhone's new bootloader version 4.6 that was previously only achievable with a "testpoint based hardware unlock". On July 3, 2009, Hotz announced purplera1n, the first public software exploit for jailbreaking the iPhone 3GS. Details were posted on his blog.

On October 13, 2009, at 3:20AM Hotz released blackra1n, a jailbreak for all iPhones and iPod Touches. The only caveat was that the iPod touch third generation would need a "tethered jailbreak" to work. On October 30, 2009, Hotz released Blackra1n RC2, an update to his previous blackra1n utility. This version allows MC Model iPod Touch 2G (8 GB iPod Touch, third generation) and new-bootrom iPhone 3GS users to jailbreak their iPod touches as well. (tethered jailbreak only) On October 31, 2009, Hotz announced the impending release of Blackra1n RC3, this version to include blacksn0w which would allow SIM unlock of all iPhones using Blacksn0w RC1. Blacksn0w released on November 3, 2009.

On March 27, 2010, Hotz established a website for his newest jailbreak software, limera1n. On June 24, 2010, Hotz wrote on Twitter that he had no plans to release a new jailbreak. He has told people looking for a jailbreak release to 'keep an eye on Spirit,^[8] the currently used program for 3.1.x jailbreaking. On July 10, 2010, Hotz published that he had been able to jailbreak an iPhone 4 running iOS 4.0. As evidence, he provided a picture of the device executing Cydia. On July 13, 2010, Hotz announced his retirement from jailbreaking, saying that it's not fun as it used to be, and people were taking too serious something he used to do just as a distraction.^[9]

On October 8, 2010, Hotz confirmed he was releasing a Jailbreak on 10/11/10, one day after the release of Greenpois0n. He also posted a picture of limera1n running on an iPhone 3GS, iPod Touch fourth generation, iPhone 4 and on the iPad. On October 9, 2010, Hotz released limera1n Beta 1 – without support for the 3GS (due to a problem with the bootrom). This suspended the release of the SHAtter exploit in the form of greenpois0n, due for release the next day. On the limera1n website, he claims this was to make the Chronic Dev team "do the right thing" – presumably implying that they should save their jailbreak exploit for fifth generation devices. He later went on to release three more betas, containing support for iPhone 3GS models, along with various bug fixes and other stability enhancements. On October 11, 2010, Hotz released what appears to be the final version of his jailbreak (RC1b).^[10] Hotz also put on his website that the Mac version of this jailbreak is "coming in 7 years", but was released about 2 weeks later.^[11]

Hacking the PlayStation 3[link]

Towards the end of 2009, Hotz announced his efforts to hack the Sony PlayStation 3, a console widely regarded as being the only fully locked and secure system of the seventh generation era. Hotz opened a blog to document his progress, and five weeks later, on January 22, 2010, he announced that he had successfully hacked the machine by enabling himself read and write access to the machine's system memory and having hypervisor level access to the machine's processor. Hotz detailed functions that his work could allow, such as homebrew and PlayStation 2 emulation (a feature removed by Sony in newer revisions of the console to tackle production costs).^[12] On January 26, 2010, Hotz released the exploit to the public. It was done on the original firmware (OFW) 3.15, then using his codes he made it into a 3.15 CFW, or Custom Firmware. It requires the OtherOS function of the machine, and consists of a Linux kernel module and gaining control of the machine's hypervisor via bus glitching. Hotz wrote that "Sony may have difficulty patching the exploit". On March 28, 2010, Sony responded by announcing their intention to release a PlayStation 3 firmware update that would remove the OtherOS feature from all models,^[13] a feature that was already absent on the newer Slim revisions of the machine. Hotz then announced plans of a custom firmware, similar to the custom firmware for the PlayStation Portable, to enable Linux and OtherOS support, while still retaining the features of newer firmwares.

On April 7, 2010, Hotz posted a video on the internet detailing his claimed progress with custom firmware on the machine, and showing a PlayStation 3 running with the OtherOS feature enabled on firmware 3.21. He named his custom firmware as 3.21OO, and suggested that it may also work on newer Slim models of the console. However, he didn't announce a release date for the custom firmware or mention whether he was working on the same hack for the latest firmware version of 3.41. It was never released. On July 13, 2010, Hotz posted a message on his Twitter account stating that he was giving up trying to crack the PS3 any further.^[14] However, on January 2, 2011, he posted the root keys of the PlayStation 3 on his website.^[15] These keys were later removed from his website as a result of legal action by Sony (see below). On January 6, 2011, he showed a demo of running homebrew applications on PS3 firmware 3.55 without using any jailbreak USB dongles, based on the discovery of the security exploit by the fail0verflow team.^[16] On January 7, 2011, he showed off a demo video running homebrew applications on PlayStation 3 custom firmware 3.55.^[17] On January 11, 2011, Sony filed an application for a temporary restraining order (TRO) against Hotz in the US District Court of Northern California.^[18] The timeline of the lawsuit is continued below. On January 14, 2011, Hotz appeared in an interview on G4′s The Loop, where he explained why he jailbroke the Sony PlayStation 3.^[19]

Sony lawsuit[link]

After the root keys of the console were published, Sony took George Hotz to court. Subsequently Hotz has made a video on YouTube rapping a song about the "disaster" of Sony. Sony in turn has demanded social media sites, including YouTube, to hand over IP addresses of people who visited Geohot's social pages and videos; the latter being the case only for those who "watched the video and 'documents reproducing all records or usernames and IP addresses that have posted or published comments in response to the video'".^[20]

PayPal has granted Sony access to Geohot's PayPal account,^[21] and the judge of the case granted Sony permission to view the IP addresses of everyone who visited geohot.com. In April 2011, it was revealed that Sony and Hotz had settled the lawsuit out of court, on the condition that Hotz would never again resume any hacking work on Sony products.^[22]

At the end of April 2011, hackers broke into the PlayStation Network and stole personal information of some 77 million users. Hotz denied any responsibility for the attack, and said "Running homebrew and exploring security on your devices is cool; hacking into someone else's server and stealing databases of user info is not cool".^[20]

Employment by Facebook[link]

On June 27, 2011, it was reported^[23] that Hotz had been hired by Facebook. However, according to a CNET^[24] article, he had actually been employed since May, which was confirmed by Facebook. It is unknown what his role at the company was. In January 2012, Hotz stopped working at Facebook.^[25][5]

Other accomplishments and recognition[link]

He was a finalist at the 2004 ISEF competition in Portland OR with his project "The Mapping Robot". Recognition included interviews on the Today Show and Larry King.^[26] Hotz was a finalist at the 2005 ISEF competition, with his project "The Googler".^[27] Continuing with robots, Hotz competed in his school's highly successful Titanium Knights battlebots team.

Hotz competed in the 2007 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, a science competition for high school students, where his project, entitled "I want a Holodeck", received awards and prizes in several categories.^[28] Hotz has received considerable attention in mainstream media, including interviews on the Today Show, Fox, CNN, NBC, CBS, G4, ABC,^[29] CNBC,^[2] and articles in several magazines, newspapers, and websites, including Forbes,^[30] and BBC.^[31]

In March 2008, PC World magazine listed George as one of the top 10 Overachievers under 21.^[32] He entered the Rochester Institute of Technology in 2007, quickly after gaining notoriety for hacking the iPhone, but withdrew from the school after 1 quarter. In December 2007, Hotz travelled to Sweden to attend the Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar and talk about his 3D imaging invention (called Project Holodeck) that netted him a $20,000 Intel scholarship earlier that year.^[33]

In May 2012, Hotz was the subject of a feature article in The New Yorker.^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikinews has related news: Telephone network access on iPhone unlocked by teen

• Settlement in George Hotz Case (Playstation Blog)
• George Hotz quits Facebook job (ConsoleCrunch Blog)
• GeoHot Released PS3 Exploit – By TheTechJournal.com
• The New Video of Unlock (blacksn0w)
• YouTube Video of Hotz's Unlocked iPhone
• YouTube Video demo of PlayStation 3 CWF 3.21OO
• Hotz's Website (through Internet Archive)
• NJ teen unlocks iPhone + YouTube Video
• GeoHot's guide to iPhone unlocking
• Apple ios4 jailbreak video