- published: 30 Oct 2015
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A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature or parliament. There have been many such bodies in history, since senate means the assembly of the eldest and wiser members of the society and ruling class. Two of the first official senates were the Spartan Gerousia (Γερουσία) and the Roman Senate.
Many countries currently have an assembly named a senate, composed of senators who may be elected, appointed, have inherited the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of "sober second thought" to consider legislation passed by a lower house, whose members are usually elected.
The modern word senate is derived from the Latin word senātus (senate), which comes from senex, "old man". The members or legislators of a senate are called senators. The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of simple social organization in which decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until 580 (various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome). In the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade, circa 1202–1204.
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
Elizabeth Warren (born June 22, 1949) is an American bankruptcy law expert, policy advocate, Harvard Law School professor, and Democratic Party candidate in the 2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts. She has written several academic and popular books concerning the American economy and personal finance. She contributed to the oversight of the 2008 U.S. bailout program, and also led the conception and establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Warren attended The George Washington University and the University of Houston. She received a J.D. from Rutgers School of Law–Newark in 1976. Warren taught law at several universities and was listed by the Association of American Law Schools as a minority law professor throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In the wake of the U.S. financial crisis, Warren served as chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the Troubled Assets Relief Program in 2008. She later served as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau under U.S. President Barack Obama.
Actors: Mark Strano (actor), Charles B. Unger (editor), Travis Dixon (actor), Charles B. Unger (director), Charles B. Unger (writer), Vanessa Gomez (actress), Paula R. Unger (writer), Paula R. Unger (producer), Marisa Sullivan (actress), Will Ahrens (actor), Dominique Vance (actor), Allison Mosier (actress), Alexis Berger (actor), Leia McVicker (actress), Joe Hutchinson (composer),
Plot: The Punky Pets begin their first six, city, rock and roll tour across the United States. The story starts as these eight musicians, all crammed together in a small van, haphazardly drive through Washington D.C. They call each other horrible names, criticize their past criminal records and make overt sexist remarks. Because they're distracted, they get lost and drive right into the Republican National Convention. They are out of gas and money! Turf tries to siphon gas out of a car but it gives him bad stomach problems. Things get worse when the other four Pets are hauled away by the police. The surviving Pets bump into a very important person, who is misbehaving. Hope comes in the form of an incriminating photo.
Genres: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Music, Short,Actors: John Rothman (actor), Chaz Smith (actor), John McConnell (actor), Johnny Otto (actor), Elton LeBlanc (actor), Rufus Sewell (actor), Anthony Mackie (actor), Rex Harsin (actor), Ritchie Montgomery (actor), Jay Oliver (actor), Edrick Browne (actor), Dominic Cooper (actor), Elton LeBlanc (actor), Alan Tudyk (actor), Logan Douglas Smith (actor),
Plot: At the age of 9, Abraham Lincoln witnesses his mother being killed by a vampire, Jack Barts. Some 10 years later, he unsuccessfully tries to eliminate Barts but in the process makes the acquaintance of Henry Sturgess who teaches him how to fight and what is required to kill a vampire. The quid pro quo is that Abe will kill only those vampires that Henry directs him to. Abe relocates to Springfield where he gets a job as a store clerk while he studies the law and kills vampires by night. He also meets and eventually marries the pretty Mary Todd. Many years later as President of the United States, he comes to realize that vampires are fighting with the Confederate forces. As a result he mounts his own campaign to defeat them.
Keywords: 3-dimensional, 35-star-american-flag, action-hero, actress-shares-first-name-with-character, african-american, ambush, anti-hero, assistant, axe, axe-fightActors: Lindsay MacAdam (producer), Kirk Shaw (producer), Daamen J. Krall (actor), Kevin Pollak (actor), Robert LaSardo (actor), Emmanuelle Chriqui (actress), Alan C. Peterson (actor), Alistair Abell (actor), James Cromwell (actor), Jon Cryer (actor), James Denton (actor), Laurence Fishburne (actor), Zak Santiago (actor), Doran Chandler (miscellaneous crew), Robert K. Lambert (editor),
Plot: Jimmy, a business-like young man, enters a room where a man, the accountant for a shadowy drug lord, is shackled. Over the next week, Jimmy systematically tortures the accountant, demanding information about missing funds. The accountant denies any knowledge. In flashbacks to six months before, we see Jimmy's joining a group of the drug lord's enforcers, surviving brutal hazing, getting his first assignment, and keeping his cool. We also learn that Jimmy has another identity, friends in high places, and a girlfriend unhappy about both his work and his changing personality. Can Jimmy hold on to his humanity as he carries out increasingly nightmarish orders?
Keywords: bed, boyfriend-girlfriend-relationship, break-up, candy-bar, cell-phone, chinese-food, coffee, coffin, corpse, crowbarActors: Harvey Keitel (actor), Trevor Rabin (actor), Bruce Greenwood (actor), Forbes KB (actor), Michael McCafferty (actor), Gino Picciano (actor), Guillaume Gallienne (actor), Brent Briscoe (actor), Larry Cedar (actor), Don Abernathy (actor), Ed Harris (actor), Nicolas Cage (actor), Scali Delpeyrat (actor), Gary Sievers (actor), Nicholas Rich (actor),
Plot: During a lecture about John Wilkes Booth and Thomas Gates, Ben Gates and his father Patrick are surprised by Mitch Wilkinson. He claims that their ancestor was a conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln based on the missing page of Booth's diary that he possesses. The outraged Ben decides to prove the honor of his ancestor. Together with his wife, Abigail, and his best friend, the writer Riley Poole, they head to France, England and Washington to collect clues. But Mitch Wilkinson is secretly following their every move.
Keywords: 1860s, 19th-century, 2000s, 21st-century, abduction, abyss, american-flag, amputee, assassination, backpackActors: Jon Polito (actor), David Rasche (actor), Ryan Phillippe (actor), Gordon Clapp (actor), Robert Patrick (actor), Neal McDonough (actor), Barry Pepper (actor), David Clennon (actor), Adam Beach (actor), Len Cariou (actor), Silas Weir Mitchell (actor), George Grizzard (actor), Jean-Paul Chreky (actor), Mark Thomason (actor), John Slattery (actor),
Plot: In 1945, the Marines attack twelve thousand Japaneses protecting the twenty square kilometers of the sacred Iwo Jima island in a very violent battle. When they reach the Mount Suribachi and six soldiers raise their flag on the top, the picture becomes a symbol in a post Great Depression America. The government brings the three survivors to America to raise funds for war, bringing hope to desolate people, and making the three men heroes of the war. However, the traumatized trio has difficulty dealing with the image built by their superiors, sharing the heroism with their mates.
Keywords: 1940s, airplane, alcoholism, ambush, american-flag, american-indian, american-indian-reservation, arizona, arlington-virginia, armadaActors: Martin Roach (actor), Joe Pingue (actor), Arnold Pinnock (actor), David Paymer (actor), Jamie Foxx (actor), Neil Crone (actor), Jason Jones (actor), Shawn Lawrence (actor), Paul Calderon (actor), David Morse (actor), John 'Frenchie' Berger (actor), Mike Epps (actor), Jamie Kennedy (actor), John 'Frenchie' Berger (miscellaneous crew), Mark Mancina (composer),
Plot: In New York, Alvin Sanders is a small-time thief who's just been hauled in for stealing a bunch of prawns (shrimp) from a local restaurant. He ends up in a cell with John Jaster, one half of a high-tech criminal team that's just stolen $42,000,000 worth of gold from the Federal Reserve. Realizing that he could die at any moment from his worsening heart condition, Jaster tells Alvin to relay a cryptic message to his wife about the whereabouts of the hidden gold. Alvin doesn't know exactly what the message means, and Edgar Clenteen, the U.S. Treasury investigator working the case, hopes it will lead to the gold or Jaster's partner Bristol, but it does neither. Eighteen months later, Jaster is dead, and both Clenteen and Bristol are still looking for that gold. Clenteen decides to secretly plant a tracking device in Alvin's jaw, release him from prison, and then let the word out that he knows where the gold is hidden. Knowing that Bristol is probably watching their every move, Clenteen hopes Alvin will act as the bait that'll lure Bristol in. To the dismay of Clenteen and his colleagues, agents Wooly, Blum, Boyle, and Walsh, who are tracking Alvin's every word and move, Alvin immediately gets into trouble, although he decides to go straight once he learns that while he was in prison, his girlfriend Lisa Hill gave birth to their son. Even so, run-ins with his criminal brother, Stevie Sanders and Stevie's two partners, Ramundo and Julio, puts Alvin in danger of being locked up again, which threatens to mess up Clenteen's plan. What will happen when Alvin realizes that he's being used as bait to nail Bristol?
Keywords: animated-title-sequence, audio-surveillance, bare-chested-male-bondage, betrayal, bomb, booby-trap, boxing, boyfriend-girlfriend-relationship, brooklyn-bridge, brother-brother-relationshipActors: Larry Dolgin (actor), Laura Gemser (actress), Joe D'Amato (writer), Michele Soavi (writer), Joe D'Amato (director), Charles Borromel (actor), George Eastman (writer), Giuseppe Marrocco (actor), David Brandon (actor), Michele Soavi (actor), Gabriele Tinti (actor), Nadine Roussial (actress), Carlo Maria Cordio (composer), Bruno Alias (actor), Luciano Bartoli (actor),
Plot: The deranged Roman emperor Gainus 'Caligula' (Little Boots) Caesar (12-41 A.D.) rules Rome with an iron fist and has anyone tortured and executed for even the slightest insubordination. Mostly set during the last year of his reign, as Caligula loses support due to his brutal and crazed excess, a young Moor woman, named Miriam, becomes his lover while plotting to kill him to avenge the murder of a friend which Caligula was responsible for. But Miriam is torn between her personal vendetta against Caligula and her own personal feelings towards him despite his madness and debauched lifestyle of orgies and bloody torture murders.
Keywords: ancient-rome, bestiality, blood, caligula, character-name-in-title, gore, hardcore, horse, horse-penis, independent-filmActors: Angelo Francesco Lavagnino (composer), Nando Angelini (actor), Roldano Lupi (actor), Tullio Altamura (actor), Massimo Serato (actor), Fortunato Arena (actor), Gianni Baghino (actor), Antonietta Zita (editor), Attilio Dottesio (actor), Franco Fantasia (actor), Giorgio Ferroni (director), Philippe Hersent (actor), Maria Pia Conte (actress), Elio Micheli (costume designer), Gabriele Antonini (actor),
Plot: In ancient Rome, the people finally oust their despised king, Tarquinius, and declare the city a republic. Tarquinius makes an alliance with the Etruscan king, Porsenna, to take back power in Rome, but a Roman general, the heroic Mucius, sets out to stop him.
Keywords: ambush, ancient-rome, archer, assassination-attempt, battle, blood, burnt-hand, combat, coward, daggerActors: Harold Miller (actor), Burgess Meredith (actor), Charles Laughton (actor), Kenner G. Kemp (actor), Will Geer (actor), Peter Lawford (actor), George Grizzard (actor), Edward Andrews (actor), Lew Ayres (actor), Malcolm Atterbury (actor), Eddie Baker (actor), George DeNormand (actor), Henry Fonda (actor), Walter Pidgeon (actor), Don Murray (actor),
Plot: Robert Leffingwell is the president's candidate for Secretary of State. Prior to his approval, he must first go through a Senate investigation to determine if he's qualified. Leading the Senate committee is idealistic Senator Brig Anderson, who soon finds himself unprepared for the political dirt that's revealed, including Leffingwell's past affiliations with a Communist organization. When Leffingwell testifies about his political leanings, he proves his innocence. Later, however, Anderson learns that he lied under oath and even asks the president to withdraw Leffingwell for consideration, especially after the young senator begins receiving blackmail threats about a skeleton in his own closet.
Keywords: airplane, airport, american-politics, ampersand-in-title, anonymous-telephone-call, banquet, based-on-novel, bisexual, blackmail, closeted-homosexualActors: Harry Carter (actor), Charles Cane (actor), George M. Carleton (actor), James Bush (actor), George Anderson (actor), Robert Barrat (actor), Francis X. Bushman (actor), Felix Basch (actor), Jack Baxley (actor), Sidney Blackmer (actor), Eddie Borden (actor), Walter Baldwin (actor), Griff Barnett (actor), Frederick Burton (actor), Ken Christy (actor),
Plot: The political career of Woodrow Wilson is chronicled, beginning with his decision to leave his post at Princeton to run for Governor of New Jersey, and his subsequent ascent to the Presidency of the United States. During his terms in office, Wilson must deal with the death of his first wife, the onslaught of German hostilities leading to American involvement in the Great War, and his own country's reticence to join the League of Nations.
Keywords: 1900s, 1910s, 1920s, ambassador, american-football, armistice-day-1918, baltimore-maryland, baseball, blackface, character-name-in-title