The Syrian civil war began as protesters toppled governments across North Africa in the so-called “Arab Spring.” Washington has insisted on regime change in Damascus ever since, yet their rhetoric adapted over the years. President Ben Ali of Tunisia was ousted in January, followed by protests demanding the resignation of Egypt’s Hosni Mubarak and an armed rebellion against Muammar Gaddafi in Libya. A “Day of Rage” protest in Damascus and Aleppo on March 15, 2011 is commonly considered the start of the Syrian civil war. Protests escalated into an armed rebellion by July, after NATO warplanes intervened in Libya on behalf of the rebels.President Barack Obama made the first call for regime change in Damascus in August 2011. “The United States has been inspired by the Syrian peoples’ pursuit of a peaceful transition to democracy,” Obama said. “They have spoken with their peaceful marches, their silent shaming of the Syrian regime, and their courageous persistence in the face of brutality.” “The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way,” Obama declared. “For the sake of the Syrian people, the time has come for President Assad to step aside.” Bashar Assad became president of Syria in 2000, after the death of his father Hafez, who had run the country since 1971. Bashar had been an eye doctor living in the UK when his elder brother was killed in a car wreck in 1994. The 2011 protests began in Hama, where in 1982 Hafez al-Assad had brutally suppressed an Islamist insurgency. In June 2011, US Ambassador Robert Ford visited Hama as “tens of thousands” of protesters threw red roses at his car. By July 29, the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was proclaimed by the rebels. Washington had previously covertly funded “democratic campaigners” in the country, through a program initiated by President George W. Bush, while imposing sanctions against Damascus in 2003.Obama addressed Syria again at the end of an August 20, 2012 press conference, mostly dedicated to his re-election bid. “I have indicated repeatedly that President al-Assad has lost legitimacy, that he needs to step down,” Obama told reporters at a White House. In his message he clearly identified what may have been a pretext by which the US would get involved in the conflict. “We have been very clear to the Assad regime, but also to other players on the ground, that a red line for us is we start seeing a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized. That would change my calculus. That would change my equation,” the US president said. “We have communicated in no uncertain terms with every player in the region that that’s a red line for us,” Obama added. The players in the region may be defined as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan and Turkey.Exactly a year later, on August 21, 2013, it seemed that the “red line” had been crossed, as rebels and their backers alleged the Syrian government had used chemical weapons against civilians in the Damascus suburb of Ghouta. “We know the Assad regime was responsible,” Obama thundered from the White House, threatening to attack Syria. However, on August 29 the British Parliament declined to back a military intervention in Syria, meaning that the US would have to act alone. During a visit to London on September 9, US Secretary of State John Kerry made what he later called a “rhetorical argument.” “Sure, he could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week - turn it over, all of it without delay and allow the full and total accounting, but he isn't about to do it and it can't be done,” Kerry said, referring to Assad.

• published: 15 Mar 2016
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