Earth's Extremes - Volcanoes in Hawaii, United States

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• published: 04 Mar 2016
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Thanks for watching... Diamond Head https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii Haleakala or East Maui Volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleakala Hanauma Bay https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanauma_Bay Hualalai https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hualalai Ka'ena Point https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaena_Point Kahoolawe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe Kawaikini https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaikini Kilauea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea Kohala (mountain) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala Koko Guyot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_Guyot Koko Head Crater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_Head Ko?olau Range https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko?olau_Range Lanai https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanai Loihi Seamount https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo?ihi_Seamount Mahukona https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahukona Maui https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui Mauna Kea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea Mauna Loa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Loa Mount Ka'ala https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka?ala Punchbowl Crater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchbowl_Crater Mount Waialeale https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Waialeale West Maui Volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Maui_Mountains Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States Music: Where I am From,Topher Mohr and Alex Elena; YouTube Audio Library A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary mass object, such as the Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earth's volcanoes occur because the planet's crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in the Earth's mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's interior plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines. At the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Because the crust is very thin at these ridges due to the pull of the tectonic plates, the release of pressure leads to adiabatic expansion and the partial melting of the mantle, causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans; therefore, most volcanic activity is submarine, forming new seafloor. Black smokers (also known as deep sea vents) are an example of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, Iceland. Subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the oceanic plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, creating magma. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high silica content, so often does not reach the surface and cools at depth. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed. Typical examples of this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano