Fam2	Atlantic-Congo
Fam3	Benue-Congo
Fam4	Bantoid
Fam5	Southern Bantoid
Fam6	Bantu
Fam7	Southern Bantu
Fam8	Nguni
Fam9	Zunda

Xhosa (, Xhosa: ) is one of the official languages of South Africa. Xhosa is spoken by approximately 7.9 million people, or about 18% of the South African population. Like most Bantu languages, Xhosa is a tonal language, that is, the same sequence of consonants and vowels can have different meanings when said with a rising or falling or high or low intonation. One of the most distinctive features of the language is the prominence of click consonants; the word "Xhosa", the name of the language itself, begins with a click.

Xhosa is written using a Latin alphabet-based system. Three letters are used to indicate the basic clicks: c for dental clicks, x for lateral clicks, and q for palatal clicks (for a more detailed explanation, see the table of consonant phonemes, below). Tones are not indicated in the written form.

Affiliation and distribution

[[File:South Africa Xhosa speakers proportion map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of the Xhosa in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks isiXhosa at home. ]]

[[File:South Africa Xhosa speakers density map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of the Xhosa in South Africa: density of isiXhosa home-language speakers. ]]

Xhosa is the southernmost branch of the Nguni languages, which includes Swati, Northern Ndebele and Zulu. There is some mutual intelligibility with the other Nguni languages, all of which share many linguistic features. Nguni languages are in turn part of the much larger group of Bantu languages, and as such Xhosa is related to languages spoken across much of Africa.

Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, while the most widely spoken is Zulu. A minority of Xhosa speakers (18,000) exists in Quthing District, Lesotho.

Dialects

Xhosa has several dialects, including

Gcaleka

Ndlambe

Ngqika /Rharhabe

Thembu

Bomvana

Mpondomse (Mpondomise)

Mpondo

Xesibe

Bhaca

Cele

Hlubi

Mfengu | | | | | | |- ! rowspan=4 | Plosive ! ejective | p | t | | ty | k | |- ! aspirated | ph | th | | tyh | kh | |- ! breathy voiced | bh | d | | dy | g | |- ! implosive | b | | | | | |- ! rowspan=3 | Affricate ! ejective | | ts | | tsh | kr | |- ! aspirated | | ths | | thsh | | |- ! breathy voiced | | dz³ | | j | | |- ! rowspan=2 | Fricative ! voiceless | f | s | hl | sh | rh | h |- ! breathy voiced | v | z | dl | zh² | gr | hh |- ! rowspan=2 | Nasal ! fully voiced | m | n | | ny | n’ | |- ! breathy voiced | mh | nh | | nyh | ngh⁴ | |- ! rowspan=2 | Approximant ! fully voiced | | | l | y | w | |- ! breathy voiced | | | lh | yh | wh | |- ! rowspan=2 | Trill ! fully voiced | | r¹ | | | | |- ! breathy voiced | | r¹ | | | | |}

is a famous Xhosa speaker.]]

#Two additional consonants, and , are found in borrowings. Both are spelled r. #Two additional consonants, and , are found in borrowings. Both are spelled zh. #Two additional consonants, and , are found in loans. Both are spelled dz. #An additional consonant, is found in loans. It is spelled ngh.

In addition to the ejective affricate , the spelling tsh may also be used for either of the aspirated affricates and .

The breathy voiced glottal fricative is sometimes spelled h.

The "breathy voiced" clicks, plosives, and affricates are actually plain voiced, but the following vowel is murmured. That is, da is pronounced .

Consonant changes with prenasalization

When consonants are prenasalized, their pronunciation and spelling may change. Murmur no longer shifts to the following vowel. Fricatives become affricates, and if voiceless, become ejectives as well, at least with some speakers: mf is pronounced ; ndl is pronounced ;n+hl becomes ntl ; n+z becomes ndz , etc. The orthographic b in mb is a voiced plosive, .

When voiceless clicks c, x, q are prenasalized, a silent letter k is added – nkc, nkx, nkq – so as to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks nc, nx, nq.

Anthem

Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is part of the national anthem of South Africa, national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia, and the former anthem of Zimbabwe and Namibia. It is a Xhosa hymn written by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The first chorus is:

: Nkosi, sikelel' iAfrika; : Malupakam'upondo lwayo; : Yiva imithandazo yethu : Usisikelele.

: Lord, bless Africa; : May her horn rise high up; : Hear Thou our prayers And bless us.

See also

Xhosa calendar

Henry Hare Dugmore, the first translator of the Scriptures into Xhosa

U-Carmen eKhayelitsha, a 2005 Xhosa film adaptation of Bizet's Carmen

UCLA Language Materials Project, an online project for teaching languages, including Xhosa.

References

External links

Xhosa language profile (at UCLA Language Materials Project)

Ethnologue report for Xhosa''

A very short Xhosa -> English dictionary

PanAfrican L10n page on Xhosa

Google in Xhosa

Category:Nguni languages Category:Languages of South Africa Category:SVO languages Category:Xhosa culture

Name	Miriam Makeba
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Zenzile Miriam Makeba
Alias	Mama Afrika
Born	March 04, 1932Prospect Township, Johannesburg, South Africa
Died	November 10, 2008Castel Volturno, Italy
Genre	World music, folk, pop rock, jazz
Occupation	Singer
Years active	1954–2008
Label	Manteca, RCA, Mercury Records, Kapp Records, Collectables, Suave Music, Warner Bros., PolyGram, Drg, Stern's Africa, Kaz, Sonodisc
Url	Official website

Miriam Makeba (4 March 1932 - 10 November 2008), nicknamed Mama Africa, was a Grammy Award winning South African singer and civil rights activist. In the 1960s she was the first artist from Africa to popularize African music in the U.S. and around the world. She is best known for the song Pata Pata first recorded in 1957 and released in the U.S. in 1967. She recorded and toured with many popular artists, such as Harry Belafonte, Paul Simon, and her former husband and South-African Hugh Masekela. She actively campaigned against the South African system of Apartheid. As a result the South African government revoked her citizenship and right of return. After the end of Apartheid she returned home. She died on 10 November 2008 after performing in a concert organized to support writer Roberto Saviano in his stand against the Camorra, a mafia-like organisation local to the Region of Campania.

Early years

Zenzile Miriam Makeba was born in Johannesburg in 1932. Her mother was a Swazi sangoma (traditional healer-herbalist). Her father, who died when she was six years old, was a Xhosa. When she was eighteen days old, her mother was arrested for selling umqombothi, an African homemade beer distilled from malt and cornmeal. Her mother was sentenced to a six-month prison term, so Miriam spent her first six months of life in jail. As a child, she sang in the choir of the Kilmerton Training Institute' in Pretoria, a primary school that she attended for eight years.

Her professional career began in the 1950s when she was featured in the South African jazz group the Manhattan Brothers, and appeared for the first time on a poster. She left the Manhattan Brothers to record with her all-woman group, The Skylarks, singing a blend of jazz and traditional melodies of South Africa. As early as 1956, she released the single for "Pata Pata". The single was played on all the radio stations and made her known throughout all of South Africa. Though she was a successful recording artist, she was only receiving a few dollars for each recording session and no provisional royalties, and was keen to leave home.

Her break came in 1959 when she had a short guest appearance in Come Back, Africa, an anti-apartheid documentary produced and directed by American independent filmmaker Lionel Rogosin. The short cameo made an enormous impression on the viewers and Lionel Rogosin managed to organise a visa for her to attend the première of the film at the twenty-fourth edition of the Venice Film Festival in Italy where the film won the prestigious Critics' Award. That year, Makeba sang the lead female role in the Broadway-inspired South African musical King Kong, alongside her future husband, Hugh Masekela. She made her US debut on the first of November 1959, on The Steve Allen Show.

Exile

Makeba then travelled to London where she met Harry Belafonte, who assisted her in gaining entry to and fame in the United States. When she tried to return to South Africa in 1960 for her mother's funeral, she discovered that her South African passport had been cancelled. She signed with RCA Records and released Miriam Makeba, her first U.S. studio album in 1960. In 1962, Makeba and Belafonte sang at John F. Kennedy's birthday party at Madison Square Garden, but Makeba did not go to the aftershow party because she was ill. President Kennedy insisted on meeting her, so Belafonte sent a car to pick her up and she met the President of the United States. In 1963, Makeba released her second studio album for RCA, The World of Miriam Makeba. The album, an early example of world music, peaked at number eighty-six on the Billboard 200. Later that year, after testifying against apartheid before the United Nations, her South African citizenship and her right to return to the country were revoked. She was a woman without a country, but the world came to her aid, and Guinea, Belgium, and Ghana issued her international passports, and she became, in effect, a citizen of the world. In her life, she had nine passports, and was granted honorary citizenship of ten countries.

In 1966, Makeba received the Grammy Award for Best Folk Recording together with Harry Belafonte for An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba. The album dealt with the political plight of black South Africans under apartheid, and it was one of the first American album to present traditional Zulu, Sotho, and Swahili songs in an authentic setting. From the time of her New York debut at the Village Vanguard, her fame and reputation grew. She released many of her most famous hits in the United States, including "The Click Song" ("Qongqothwane" in Xhosa), and "Malaika". Time called her the "most exciting new singing talent to appear in many years," and Newsweek compared her voice to "the smoky tones and delicate phrasing" of Ella Fitzgerald and the "intimate warmth" of Frank Sinatra. Despite her success that made her a star in the U.S., she wore no makeup and refused to curl her hair for shows, a style that would come to be known internationally as the "Afro look". In 1967, more than ten years after she wrote the song, the single for "Pata Pata" was released in the United States and became a worldwide hit.

Her marriage to Trinidadian civil rights activist, Black Panther, and Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee leader Stokely Carmichael in 1968 caused controversy in the United States, and her record deals and tours were cancelled. As a result of this, the couple moved to Guinea, her home for the next 15 years, where they became close with President Ahmed Sékou Touré and his wife, Andrée. Makeba was appointed Guinea's official delegate to the United Nations, for which she won the Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Prize in 1986. She also separated from Carmichael in 1973, and continued to perform primarily in Africa, Europe, and Asia but not in the United States where a de facto boycott was in effect. Makeba was one of the entertainers at the 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman held in Zaïre. She addressed the United Nations General Assembly for the second time in 1975.

After the death of her only daughter Bongi Makeba in 1985, she decided to move to Brussels. In the following year, Hugh Masekela introduced Makeba to Paul Simon, and a few months later she embarked on the very successful Graceland Tour, which was documented on music video. Two concerts held in Harare, Zimbabwe, were filmed in 1987 for release as Graceland: The African Concert. After touring the world with Simon, Warner Bros. Records signed Makeba and she released Sangoma ("Healer"), an a cappella album of healing chants named in honour of her mother who was an "isangoma" ("a healer"). Shortly thereafter her autobiography Makeba: My Story was published and subsequently was translated from English into other languages such as German, French, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. She took part in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute, a popular-music concert staged on 11 June 1988 at Wembley Stadium, London and broadcast to 67 countries and an audience of 600 million. Also referred to as Freedomfest, Free Nelson Mandela Concert, and Mandela Day, the event called for Mandela's release.

Return to South Africa

Nelson Mandela's 70th Birthday Tribute increased pressure on the government of South Africa to release Mandela, and in 1990, State President of South Africa Frederik Willem de Klerk reversed the ban on the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Nelson Mandela would shortly be released from prison. Mandela, who was effectively released from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl on 11 February 1990, persuaded Miriam Makeba to return to South Africa. She returned home on 10 June 1990, on her French passport.

In 1991, Makeba with Dizzy Gillespie, Nina Simone, and Masekela, recorded and released her studio album, Eyes on Tomorrow. The album combined jazz, R&B;, pop, and African music, and was a hit in Africa. Makeba and Gillespie then toured the world together to promote it. In November of the same year, she made a guest appearance in the episode "Olivia Comes Out of the Closet" of The Cosby Show. In 1992 she starred in the film Sarafina!. The film's plot centers on students involved in the 1976's Soweto youth uprisings, and Makeba portrayed the title character's mother, "Angelina". The following year she released Sing Me a Song.

On 16 October 1999, Miriam Makeba was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In January 2000, her album, Homeland, produced by Cedric Samson and Michael Levinsohn for the New York City based record label Putumayo World Music, was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best World Music Album category. She worked closely with Graça Machel-Mandela, who at the time was the South African first lady, for children suffering from HIV/AIDS, child soldiers, and the physically handicapped.

In 2001 she was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold by the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin, "for outstanding services to peace and international understanding". She shared the Polar Music Prize with Sofia Gubaidulina. The prize is regarded as Sweden's foremost musical honour. They received their Prize from Carl XVI Gustaf King of Sweden during a nationally-televised ceremony at Berwaldhallen, Stockholm on 27 May 2002. She also took part in the 2002 documentary where she and others recalled the struggles of black South Africans against the injustices of Apartheid through the use of music. In 2004, Makeba was voted 38th in the Top 100 Great South Africans. Makeba started a worldwide farewell tour in 2005, holding concerts in all of those countries that she had visited during her working life.

Death and legacy

On 9 November 2008, she became ill while taking part in a concert organized to support writer Roberto Saviano in his stand against the Camorra, a mafia-like organisation local to the Region of Campania. The concert was being held in Castel Volturno, near Caserta, Italy. Makeba suffered a heart attack after singing her hit song "Pata Pata", and was taken to the "Pineta Grande" clinic where doctors were unable to revive her. Her publicist notes that Makeba had suffered "severe arthritis" for some time. She and family members were based in Northriding, Gauteng, at the time of her passing.

On 25, 26, and 27 September 2009, a tribute show to Makeba entitled "Hommage à Miriam Makeba" and curated by Grammy Award-winning Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist Angélique Kidjo for the Festival d'Ile de France, was held at the Cirque d'hiver in Paris. The same show but with the English title of "Mama Africa: Celebrating Miriam Makeba" was held at the Barbican in London on 21 November 2009.

Discography

Studio albums

The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba (1960) (LP Kapp KL1274)

Miriam Makeba (1960) (LP RCA LSP2267)

The World of Miriam Makeba (1963) (LP RCA LSP2750) #86 (US) The Voice of Africa (1964) (LP RCA LSP2845) #122 (US)

Makeba Sings! (1965) (LP RCA LSP3321)

An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba (1965) (LP with Harry Belafonte; RCA LSP3420; Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording) #85 (US)

The Magic of Makeba (1965) (LP RCA LSP3512)

The Magnificent Miriam Makeba (1966) (LP Mercury 134016)

All About Miriam (1966) (LP Mercury 134029)

Pata Pata (1967) (LP Reprise RS6274) #74 (US)

Makeba! (1968) (LP Reprise RS6310)

Keep Me in Mind (1970) (LP Reprise RS6381)

A Promise (1974) (LP RCA YSPL1-544)

Miriam Makeba & Bongi (1975) (LP with Bongi Makeba; Guinea: Editions Syliphone Conakry SLP 48)

Country Girl (1978) (LP Sonodisc ESP165518)

Comme une symphonie d'amour (1979) (LP Sonodisc ESP 7501)

Sangoma (1988) (CD Warner Bros. 25673)

Welela (1989) (CD Gallo CDGSP3084) #6 (US) Eyes on Tomorrow (1991) (CD Gallo CDGSP3086) #10 (US)

Sing Me a Song (1993) (CD CDS12702)

Homeland (2000) (CD Putumayo PUTU1642)

Reflecting (2004) (CD Gallo Music GWVCD-51) #12 (US)

Makeba Forever (2006) (CD Gallo Music CDGURB-082)

Live albums

Miriam Makeba in Concert! (1967) (LP) (Reprise RS6253) #182 (US)

Live in Tokyo (1968) (LP) (Reprise SJET8082)

Live in Conakry: Appel a l'Afrique (1974) (LP) (Sonodisc SLP22)

Enregistrement public au Theatre des Champs-Elysées (1977) (LP) (released on CD6508 as Pata Pata: Live in Paris in 1998)

Live at Berns Salonger, Stockholm, Sweden, 1966 (2003) (CD) (Gallo Music GWVCD-49)

Compilations

The Best of Miriam Makeba (LP) Canada: RCA Victor LSP-3982, 1968

Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba (as Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba) (2xLP) Camden PJL2-8042, 1975

Miriam Makeba (LP) Italy: Record Bazaar RB 254, 1980

The Queen of African Music (CD) Verlag Pläne 831 655-938, 1987

Africa (CD) Germany: Novus 3155-2-N/ND 83155, 1991

Miriam Makeba and The Skylarks: Volume 1 (as Miriam Makeba and The Skylarks; Remastered from 78/45 RPM recorded between 1956 and 1959) (CD) TELCD 2303, 1991

Folk Songs from Africa (CD) SAAR CD 12514, 1994

En public à Paris et Conakry (CD), 1996

Hits and Highlights (CD), 1997

Miriam Makeba and The Skylarks: Volume 2 (as Miriam Makeba and The Skylarks; Remastered from 78/45 RPM recorded between 1956 and 1959) (CD) TELCD 2315, 1997

The Best of Miriam Makeba (CD) BMG, 2000

Legend (CD) Next Music CDSL21, 2001

Mama Africa: The Very Best of Miriam Makeba (CD), 2001

The Guinea Years (CD/LP) STCD3017/SLP48, 2001

Mother Africa: The Black Anthology (CD), 2002

The Best of Miriam Makeba: The Early Years (CD) Wrasse WRASS 088, 2002

The Definitive Collection (CD) UK: Wrasse WRASS 062, 2002

Her Essential Recordings (2xCD) Manteca MANTDBL502, 2006

Mama Afrika 1932-2008 (CD) Gallo, 2009

Extended plays

Makeba - Belafonte (as Miriam Makeba and Harry Belafonte) (Vinyl, 7", 45 RPM) Germany: RCA Victor EPA 9035, 1961

The Click Song (Vinyl, 7", EP) France: London RE 10.145, 1963

Chants d'Afrique (Vinyl, 7") France: RCA Victor 86.374, 1964

Singles

"Duze" (1956) (10-inch shellac 78 rpm mono Gallotone GB.2062)

"Pass Office Special" (1957) (10-inch shellac 78 rpm mono Gallotone GB.2134)

"The Click Song" / "Mbube" (1963) (7-inch vinyl London HL 9747)

"Malaika" / "Malcolm X" (1965) (7-inch vinyl Kenya: Sonafric SYL 565)

"Pata Pata" (1967) (7-inch vinyl Reprise 0606) #12 (US)

"Malayisha" (1967) (7-inch vinyl Reprise)

"Emavungwini" (1968) (7-inch vinyl France, Spain: Reprise)

"I Shall Be Released" / "Iphi Ndilela (Show Me the Way)" (1969) (7-inch vinyl Germany: Reprise RA 0804)

"Pata Pata" / "Click Song Number 1" (1972) (7-inch vinyl Germany, Netherlands: Reprise REP 14 217)

"We Got to Make It" / "Promise" (1975) 7-inch vinyl with Instrumentalgruppe German Democratic Republic: AMIGA 4 56 044, 1974, and France: Disques Espérance)

"Pata Pata" / "Malayisha" (1976) (7-inch vinyl Italy: Reprise 14 267, released in France in 1978)

"Hauteng" / "Talking and Dialoging" (1978) (7-inch vinyl France: Disques Espérance ESP 155027)

"Comme une symphonie d'amour" (1979) (7-inch vinyl France: Disques Espérance ESP 65.009)

"Give Me a Reason" / "Africa" (1989) (7-inch vinyl Italy: Philips 875 308-7)

"Pata Pata 2000" (2000) (CD Putumayo PUTU 919-S)

Filmography

{| border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | Year || Title || Role || Other notes |- | 1960 || Come Back, Africa || Herself || Documentary on the apartheid system of official racial separation in South Africa. |- | 1968 || LBJ || Voice || Cuban anti-imperialist satire/propaganda film directed by Santiago Álvarez |- | 1969 || Festival panafricain d'Alger || Miriam Makeba || |- | 1982 || Amok || Joséphine Sempala || Humgarian film directed by Souheil Ben-Barka. |- | 1991 || "Olivia Comes Out of the Closet"season 8: episode 10 of The Cosby Show || Herself || |- | 1992 || Sarafina! || Angelina || South African film directed by Darrell Roodt |- | 1996 || When We Were Kings || Writer and performer ("Am Am Pondo") || Documentary film directed by Leon Gast about the heavyweight championship match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman held in Zaire in 1974 |- | 1998 || Have You Seen Drum Recently? || Herself || Directed by Jürgen Schadeberg |- | 2000 || Otto: Der Katastrofenfilm || Music and lyrics ("Dummasack") || German commedy film directed by Edzard Onneken |- | 2002 || || Herself || Documentary film depicting the struggles of black South Africans against the injustices of Apartheid through the use of music |- | 2004 || Veronica Mars (TV series) || || Pilot |- | 2005 || Transamerica || Performer ("Jol'inkomo") || Directed by Duncan Tucker |- | 2006 || Bobby || Performer ("Pata Pata") || American drama film directed by Emilio Estevez about Robert F. Kennedy |- | 2007 || || Performer ("Pata Pata") || Documentary film directed by Julien Temple about Joe Strummer |- | 2008 || Soul Power || Performer ("The Click Song") || Documentary film directed by Jeff Levy-Hinte about the Zaire 74 music festival |}

See also

Culture of South Africa

Music of South Africa

Grammy Awards of 1966

Notes

References

Sources

;Books Related articles:

|last1=Schwarz-Bart |first1=Simone |last2=Schwarz-Bart |first2=André |last3=Réjous |first3=Rose-Myriam |title=Modern African Women |series=In Praise of Black Women, 3 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |location=Madison, WI |isbn=0299172708 |oclc=66731111 }}

;Journals and magazines

;Web |url=http://www.polarmusicprize.org/miriam-makeba/ |title=Miriam Makeba |publisher=Polar Music Prize |date=27 May 2002 |accessdate=14 November 2010 }} Related articles:

|url=http://www.allsands.com/history/people/miriammakeba_zmj_gn.htm |title=Miriam Makeba Biography |work=History – People |publisher=AllSands |accessdate=12 November 2010 }} |url= |title=Miriam Makeba Charts & Awards |publisher=Allmusic |accessdate=18 November 2010 }} Related articles:

[ Billboard Albums]

[ Billboard Singles]

[ GRAMMY Awards]

|url=http://www.festival-idf.fr/2009/concerts.php |format=PHP |title=Tous les concerts |language=French |trans_title=All Concerts |publisher=Festival d'Ile de France |accessdate=14 November 2010 }}Related articles:

* HOMMAGE A MIRIAM MAKEBA (1)

* HOMMAGE A MIRIAM MAKEBA (2)

* HOMMAGE A MIRIAM MAKEBA (3)

External links

[ Miriam Makeba] at Allmusic Miriam Makeba at National Public Radio

Category:1932 births Category:2008 deaths Category:Anti-apartheid activists Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Deaths onstage Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Heads Up International artists Category:Musicians who died on stage Category:People from Johannesburg Category:South African exiles Category:South African female singers Category:South African musicians Category:South African people of Swazi descent Category:World music musicians Category:Wrasse Records artists Category:Xhosa people