Shady Side Academy is an independent preparatory school located in the Fox Chapel and Point Breeze neighborhoods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1883 as an all-male day school in the Shadyside neighborhood of the East End, the Academy now offers a secular coeducational PK–12 program on three campuses in the city and its suburbs, including weekday boarding in the Croft and Morewood Houses of its Senior School Campus. As of the turn of the twenty-first century Shady Side Academy is considered the most prestigious, most highly endowed, and most selective independent school in the western Mid-Atlantic.^[5]

Formed to provide for the education of the sons of newly moneyed industrialists of Pittsburgh's East End,^[6] the Academy counts the Frick and Mellon families among its early patrons.^[7][8] In 1922 the Academy expanded to its sprawling Georgian Senior School campus in the then-countryside of Fox Chapel under the influence of the Country Day School movement.^[9] The Academy merged with the Arnold School in 1940 to form its Junior School campus^[10] and added its stone Tudor manor-style Middle School campus in 1958,^[11] emerging in its current three-school system. The Academy admitted its first female students in 1973.^[12] Though described in character as a bastion of "old-world conservative" traditions,^[13] the school has in recent years affirmed its commitment to diversity and financial accessibility.^[14][15][16]

Shady Side Academy enrolls approximately one thousand students annually and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools and the Association of Boarding Schools. The school is a member of the Chewonki Foundation's Chewonki Semester School in Wiscasset, Maine and the High Mountain Institute's HMI Semester in Leadville, Colorado, and sends a significant number of students to both programs annually.^[17] The Academy competes locally with the Ellis School, the Winchester Thurston School, and Central Catholic High School, as well as regionally with schools such as the Kiski School and Sewickley Academy, and its lower schools are compared to local primary schools St. Edmund's Academy and the Falk Laboratory School. The school's colors are navy blue and old gold, and the mascot of its athletic teams is the Indian.

Campuses[link]

Shady Side Academy has three campuses in Pittsburgh with a total area of 192 acres, predominantly in heavily-wooded Fox Chapel. Shady Side Academy operates twenty-six campus buildings with a total facilities value of $56.2 million.^[3]

• Senior School: 423 Fox Chapel Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15238; Phone: 412-968-3000 40°31′21″N 79°52′58″W / 40.5225°N 79.88278°W / 40.5225; -79.88278Coordinates: 40°31′21″N 79°52′58″W / 40.5225°N 79.88278°W / 40.5225; -79.88278
• Middle School: 500 Squaw Run Road East, Pittsburgh, PA 15238; Phone: 412-968-3100 40°31′49″N 79°52′53″W / 40.53028°N 79.88139°W / 40.53028; -79.88139
• Junior School: 400 S. Braddock Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15221; Phone: 412-473-4400 40°26′38″N 79°53′49″W / 40.444000°N 79.896988°W / 40.444000; -79.896988

History[link]

Shady Side Academy was founded as an all male day school in 1883, on Aiken Avenue in the East End neighborhood of Shadyside, Pittsburgh. In 1921, the Senior School was established on its current suburban campus in Fox Chapel. This move also resulted in Shady Side becoming a boarding school, first with a traditional seven-day program and, later, with the weekday program the school offers.

A later merger in the early 1940s with another local boys' private school, The Arnold School, resulted in the creation of another new campus: a Junior School, located in Pittsburgh's Point Breeze and serving kindergarten through fifth grade students.

In the 1950s, the Academy purchased an estate less than a mile from the Senior School campus, creating a middle school for grades six through eight.

In 1973, the Senior School embraced the concept of co-education and began admitting female students (popularly referred to, particularly in newspapers, as "The Shady Ladies") for the first time. The Junior and Middle Schools followed suit in the 1990s, with the first K-12 "Lifer" female students graduating in 2007. The last all male class at the Academy was the Middle School Form II (eighth grade) class of 1998, which upon entering the Senior School in 1999 became co-educated. It was also the last class at the Middle School to follow a tie and jacket dress code.

Opening in the fall of 2007, a pre-kindergarten was added to Shady Side, located on the Junior School campus. The total enrollment across all grades fluctuates but is generally slightly under 1000 students, with about 500 of them enrolled in the Senior School (grades 9-12 or "Forms" III-VI).

In recent years, the school has worked to implement "green", or environmentally-friendly, changes to its campuses. The 2006 renovation of Rowe Hall, the main academic building, put into use a number of "green" concepts. The $6.8 million renovation of this primary Senior School facility emphasized environmentally-friendly approaches, from glass that allows more light into classrooms (allowing the building to maintain lower electricity usage levels) to rainwater collected in an underground cistern, then used to flush toilets and urinals. In the fall of 2007, the Rowe Hall Complex earned Gold LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Certification, becoming the only high school in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to have done so.^[18]

Academics[link]

Academic life at Shady Side Academy operates on a trimester system, dividing the year into three thirteen to fourteen-week terms. Classes begin each year before Labor Day with Convocation in late August and finish with Commencement exercises in early June. Second Term begins in late November, and Third Term begins in early April.^[19] At the Senior School, regular classes begin each day at 8:15 a.m. and end at 3:00 p.m., punctuated by a late-morning assembly period. All-school assemblies take place every Monday and Friday in the Hillman Center's Rauh Theater, and every Wednesday students meet with their advisory groups. The academic day is divided into eight periods filled with at least five classes, a lunch period, and intermittent free periods. Athletic practices follow the school day from 3:45 p.m. to late afternoon. Class periods are determined by a seven-day rotating schedule.^[20]

Each term students enroll in a minimum of five classes, both year-long courses and one-term electives, taught by seven academic departments—Arts, Computer Science, English, History, Mathematics, Science, and World Languages. Many departments, particularly the English and History Departments, make extensive use of the Harkness table, a teaching style similar to the Socratic method. Students receive midterm grade reports during the year's first term and subsequently at the conclusion of each term, followed by a cumulative grade report at the end of the year. The grade for each class has three parts—a letter grade, an effort grade, and a paragraph of written remarks. The quality grade, assigned on the A+ (4.3333) to F (0.0) scale, is used to calculate the student's GPA. Effort grades for each class consist of a number from 5, indicating "exemplary effort," to 1, indicating "unacceptable effort." Effort grades of 2—"inconsistent effort"— or below result in a student's placement on Academic Warning and likely an interim report to the student's parents. The Academy uses the student's GPA and effort grades each term and at the end of the year to award academic Year and Term Honors, ranging from "Honors" (B+ average) to "Highest Honors" (A average), as well as other school and departmental prizes. Established in 1929, Shady Side Academy's chapter of the Cum Laude Society elects members from the top fifth of the graduating class based on academic performance in the junior year and in the first two terms of the senior year.^[21]

Counseling[link]

The Senior School campus offers college, academic, and personal counseling through a variety of resources. Every upperform student is assigned a personal college counselor to navigate the college applications process. College counselors help students write applications and choose between offers of admission through regular meetings in the Kassling College Counseling Center in Rowe Hall. Every student graduating from Shady Side proceeds to study at a four-year college or university.^[22] The Academy's advisory program also provides every student with a year-long academic advisor. Students are assigned a new advisor specific to their form for each academic year, and each advisor supervises an advisory group of approximately ten to twelve students. Advisory groups meet as a homeroom once each week, usually to share a midday snack and read the week's announcements, and sit together at least twice a week in all-school assemblies. Each student also meets individually with their advisor during a free period to discuss their academic life and any academic difficulties they may be having. Advisors meet with their advisees' parents once every year, and write reports summarizing their advisees' academic and personal progress—which form one part of each student's grade report—at the end of each term. An on-campus personal counselor is also available.

Academic and personal counseling is offered at the Middle School. Students are assigned an advisor and meet in homerooms regularly, as well as in weekly all-school assemblies. Each term a conference with the student, parent(s) and advisor is held to discuss the student's progress, achievements and challenges.

The Junior School provides personal counseling, as well as academic counseling in reading, math and overall learning support. All-school assemblies are held weekly. Each student has at least one opportunity per academic year to speak in front of the school at these assemblies starting in kindergarten. This provides early experience in public speaking and helps students, at a young age, to overcome fear associated with speaking on front of a large group of people in a supportive, non-judgmental environment. Fifth grade students, in preparation for the Middle School, are assigned an advisor. Fifth graders serve as leaders in the school, giving tours to prospective families, assisting students getting on and off the bus in the morning and afternoon, and leading assemblies. These additional responsibilities help prepare them for the transition to the Middle School.

Financial aid[link]

Shady Side has a financial aid program. In 2011, over $2.6 million in need-based financial aid was distributed to 150 students.^[23]

Boarding program and residential life[link]

Boarding at Shady Side Academy dates back to the school's relocation from the Shadyside neighborhood in the 1920s. The number of boarding students living on campus and the number of buildings serving as dormitories have fluctuated over the Academy's history. Four buildings on the Senior School campus—Bayard House (1924), Croft House (1931), Ellsworth House (1922) (now Hunt Hall), and Morewood House (1922)—all served as residence halls at one point in the school's history. The names of Bayard, Morewood, and Ellsworth Houses reference the names of three out of the four streets encircling the site of the Academy's original campus, now the site of the Winchester Thurston School. At one time nearly 200 students, both Senior and Middle School students, boarded full-time in a seven-day boarding program. In the 1960s the Academy transitioned to housing Senior School students in a five-day boarding program, one of six schools nationwide to offer such a program to its students. Because students spend weekends at home, present-day boarders almost always come from the three-state area of eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and northern West Virginia. Shady Side's boarding program now hosts approximately fifty students every year in two residence halls—Croft House, the boys' dormitory, and Morewood House, the girls' dormitory. The Academy also houses residential faculty representing almost every academic department, both in apartments in the dormitories and in homes on the Senior and Middle School campuses.^[24]

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The main residential quadrangle on the Senior School campus. Pictured from left to right are Croft House, the Hillman Center for Performing Arts, Bayard House, the Benedum Visual Arts Center, McCune Dining Hall, Morewood House, Rowe Hall, and Hunt Hall

Extracurricular activities[link]

Student-run clubs at Shady Side exist as collaborations between a group of students and a sponsoring faculty member. Numerous language clubs exist both in collaboration with language programs offered by the World Languages Department, such as the German, Spanish, and French clubs, and for languages not taught at Shady Side, such as the Italian Club. Nationality clubs, such as the Jewish Student Union and Black Student Union, celebrate various global cultures and often present performances during the Academy's annual GlobalFest week. There are also many established service and philanthropic clubs, such as Service Learning and Meals on Wheels. There are also religious clubs, activist clubs, academic competition teams, student government organizations, performance groups, departmental programs such as the peer-tutoring Scribe Office for writing, and publications.^[25]

Academic[link]

Shady Side participates in Model United Nations conferences, NAQT and other quiz bowl competitions, the Western Pennsylvania Math League, Science Olympiad, North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad, National Science Bowl, and Forensics (Speech and Debate) competitions, principally the National Forensics League. Shady Side also regularly sends students to the National Catholic Forensics League, Pennsylvania High School Speech League, and National Forensics League state and national competitions. Since 2008, the Robotics Club has sent a team annually to the Pittsburgh Regional event of the FIRST Robotics Competition, and they were an alternate to the elimination portion in 2010, having achieved their highest-ever seed thus far. Shady Side's major rivals in academic competitions are Central Catholic, Ellis, Saint Joseph and Winchester Thurston.

In 2004, Shady Side Middle School placed third in the nation at the National Science Olympiad Tournament at Juniata College, a tournament with over fifty schools from all around the nation. They did this after placing 1st at both the Regional and State Science Olympiad Tournament, which earned them a position in the National tournament. In 2005, the team also placed 1st in the Regional and State Science Olympiad Tournaments, which got them into the National Tournament again, this time held in the University of Illinois. The team placed ninth at the national tournament . In the 2007 State Tournament, Shady Side's team placed second, as runners up to Sewickley Academy, once again securing a place in the 2007 National Science Olympiad Tournament in Wichita, Kansas. Also, in 2009 the Middle School team placed second in the state tournament at Juniata College. They later went on to place 20th in the nation at Augusta State University in Georgia, in which 60 teams participated in. In 2011 the Middle School team returned to Nationals at Madison, Wisconsin placing 18th in the nation.

In 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007, Shady Side was the season champion of Pittsburgh-based game show Hometown High-Q. At the 2006 NAQT Nationals, the team finished 5th overall.

Speech and Debate[link]

The Shady Side Academy Speech and Debate team is coached by Mary Krauland, who has won multiple coaching awards, and Sherri Hallgren, who assists with speech competitors. This year's officers are juniors. The co-presidents are Anthony Giovanni Raphael Costa and Perry Rihua Cao. The vice president of debate is Antonio Davide Satryan and the vice presidents of speech are Shivum Bharill and Rohit Joshi.

The team has had many successes in recent events. The team was able to send five competitors to the annual Pennsylvania Forensics State Championships at Susquehanna University, and also qualified two teams for the Catholic Forensics League National Tournament. The team also won the district title for Public Forum Debate when Anthony Costa and Tony Satryan took second in the district and Shivum Bharill and Perry Cao took first. Both teams will be traveling to Indianapolis in June for the National Forensic League National Tournament.

Arts, theater, and music[link]

Since 2003 Shady Side has sponsored a benefit concert called "Untucked"—an homage to the school dress code which, before 2004, required all shirts to be tucked in. Members of the Untucked Committee include students selected annually from a competitive applicant pool and a member of the faculty. Recent bands to appear at Untucked include Rusted Root, The Clarks, Robert Randolph and the Family Band, Better than Ezra and Sister Hazel. Untucked is usually held at the end of the year in the Roy McKnight Hockey Center and includes food and carnival games.

Shady Side Academy's main theater, the 650-seat Richard E. Rauh Theater, is named after local teacher, actor and arts patron Richard Rauh. It resides in the newly-constructed Hillman Center for Performing Arts on the Senior School campus.^[26] There is also a blackbox theater (The Kountz Theater), which holds many smaller productions, such as the annual Fall Play, Children's Homecoming Play and the Senior One-Act Play Festival . Recent theater performances include: Amadeus, Footloose, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Pygmalion, South Pacific, Oliver!, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Kiss Me, Kate, Babes in Arms, and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. The debut musical in the Hillman Center for the Performing Arts was Oliver! which took place in the spring of 2005, starring Danielle Papincak (Nancy, Class of '05) and Bernard Balbot (Fagin, Class of '05). In 2006, the Academy launched the Hillman Performing Arts Series series with the Golden Dragon Acrobats, River City Brass Band, and Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre.

Publications[link]

The Academy's campus newspaper, the Shady Side News, is written and produced by an editorial staff of Senior School students and releases five issues each academic year. It contains campus news, commentary, political opinion, and photographs. The Academian, the Shady Side Academy yearbook, has been published annually since the time of the school's founding by a committee of student editors. The Egerian, the school's literary magazine, publishes student-written prose and poetry at the end of each academic year. Established in 1928, it is released exclusively online by a committee of student editors, and is available at "The Egerian". http://egerian.org.  Angles, the school's other literary magazine, collects the best of student-written nonfiction and also publishes—in print—at the end of every year. A science magazine, SSA Frontiers of Science, helps to relay to the community significant scientific advances; it is produced once per term under the leadership of a student committee. The Forum, a collaboration between the Senior School History Department and a committee of student editors, contains political commentary and policy analysis.

Athletics[link]

The Academy's Athletic Department mandates athletic participation for every student each term as a graduation requirement. Underform students participate in two terms of team sports and academic Health classes, and upperform students participate in either a team sport or a physical education elective each term. Owing to the Academy's extensive athletic facilites, the Athletic Department offers a variety of options each term. The Senior School's facilites contain two gymnasiums, the McKnight Ice Hockey Center, baseball, soccer, and football fields, a cross-country course, two fitness facilities, squash and tennis courts, and an outdoor track. The Middle and Junior School campuses also both contain gymnasiums and playing fields.

Shady Side Academy's athletic teams compete as the Indians. Once known simply as the Blue & Gold, the current name replaced the original in the 1940s. It is no longer widely used due to conflict over the propriety of Native American images as athletic mascots, but attempts to change it have been thwarted by various alumni. The name's proponents argue for the Academy's unique claim to its use, owing to Chief Guyasuta's historical encampment on the land now occupied by the Senior School.^[27]

History[link]

Athletic activity and physical education at the Academy originate in the school's 1885 relocation within Shadyside from its original one-room schoolhouse on Aiken Avenue to a more spacious physical plant on Ellsworth Avenue, which included the addition of athletic playing fields and a gymnasium. The Academy's early athletic program was organized to promote the ideals of its day, particularly amateurism in sport and the spirit of Muscular Christianity. Team sports, initially informal organizations of students and occasionally faculty, became increasingly structured as the Academy developed athletic links and interscholastic competitions with nearby public and private secondary schools and, occasionally, colleges such as Washington & Jefferson College and what is now Duquesne University. To further formalize interscholastic competition, in 1907 the Academy collaborated with Fifth Avenue High School, Allegheny Prep, and Pittsburgh Central High School to found the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL), which served to establish "a set of eligibility rules and regulations in order to insure a level playing field for interscholastic athletic competition among the schools in western Pennsylvania."^[28] Long-standing Academy headmaster William R. Crabbe played a central role in the WPIAL's foundation, and served as its first president.

The Academy maintained its WPIAL association until 1924, when it withdrew its membership and collaborated with the University School of Cleveland, Ohio and Nichols School of Buffalo, New York to found the Tri-State Preparatory League. This league later added the Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Western Reserve Academy in Hudson, Ohio, the Kiski School in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, and the Linsly School in Wheeling, West Virginia, and in the mid-1930s began calling itself the Inter-State Preparatory League (IPSL). After seventy years of competition for the annual "Championship Cup," Shady Side Academy withdrew from the "crumbling" IPSL in 1993.^[29]

Affiliations[link]

Since 1994 the Academy has been a member of the WPIAL, which contains hundreds of other public and private secondary schools in western Pennsylvania and serves as District 7 of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA), a state-level athletic governing body. Although the majority of teams now compete at the varsity level in the WPIAL and PIAA, a minority of programs maintain prep-level affiliations in smaller sport-specific Prep Leagues consisting of other regional independent schools. The boys prep hockey team served in 1990 as a founding member of the Midwest Prep Hockey League, in which it competes at the Division I level. It also occasionally plays semi-professional hockey clubs in Germany and Italy, including ESV Kaufbeuren, SV Kaltern, and EV Landsberg.^[30][31] The girls hockey team also competes at the prep level in the Women’s Interscholastic Hockey League of the Mid-Atlantic.^[32] The boys and girls squash teams, members of the Pittsburgh Squash Racquet Association,^[33] are also prep-level teams composed of top-rated junior players. The boys lacrosse team participates, in addition to the WPIAL, in the Midwest Scholastic Lacrosse Association. Shady Side Academy teams also often compete on an informal basis with other local schools, including Sewickley Academy, Fox Chapel Area High School, Winchester Thurston School, and The Ellis School.

WPIAL and PIAA championships[link]

Since joining the PIAA the Academy has won eight state championships—two in boys' basketball, two in girls' golf, two in boys' swimming, one in girls' tennis, and one in boys' tennis—along with numerous regional WPIAL championships in baseball, field hockey, tennis, swimming, football and golf. The girls' tennis and field hockey teams won the WPIAL Championship titles in 2005, 2006, and 2007 for AAA and AA, respectively. The girls' tennis team went on to place second in the 2007 PIAA Championships and first in the 2008 PIAA Championships. Shady Side's Lauren Greco also won the PIAA and WPIAL AAA girls' tennis singles championships.The girls' tennis team, again, won the WPIAL and state championships in 2010, while Sara Perelman placed second individually. In 2010, the boys swim team won the WPIAL championship for the 9th consecutive year (10th in 11 years). In addition, the wrestling team went on to place first in the PIAA Individual Championships of the 2007-2008 season, with both Dane Johnson placing first (his second time) and Roman San Doval placing first in the PIAA. They defended their state championship in wrestling with another championship in the 2008-2009 season, with Johnson winning his 3rd PIAA Championship and Matt Cunningham placing second in his weight class. Shady Side Academy wrestling is the first AA team in the WPIAL to have won the PIAA State Championship. The boys' tennis team won the WPIALs in 2010, and also placed second in states. Chris Mengel won the individual state championships as well in 2010.

Notable alumni[link]

David McCullough '51, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning historian

Jonathan Zittrain '87, professor at Harvard Law School

Tunde Adebimpe '93, lead singer of TV on the Radio

• David A. Reed (1896), Pennsylvania United States senator from 1922 to 1935
• Thornton Oakley (1897), artist, illustrator, and travel writer for Harper's Magazine and Scribner's Magazine.
• Childs Frick (1901), invertebrate paleontologist and son of Pittsburgh industrialist Henry Clay Frick
• Edgar J. Kaufmann (1903), businessman and philanthropist, owner of Kaufmann's Department Store, and commissioner of Frank Lloyd Wright's much-celebrated Fallingwater in the Laurel Highlands.
• Thomas Mellon Evans (1927), American financier and one of the early corporate raiders.^[34]
• Richard G. Colbert (1933), U.S. Navy four-star admiral^[35]
• Henry Hillman (1937), businessman, philanthropist, and chairman of the Hillman and Henry L. Hillman Foundations.
• David McCullough (1951), two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning author and historian^[36]
• Paul Martha (1960), NFL football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Denver Broncos.^[37]
• John B. Taylor (1964), Under Secretary of the Treasury for the George H. W. Bush administration
• David Guy (1966), novelist and author of the semi-autobiographical Shady Side Academy-inspired novels Football Dreams and Second Brother.
• Jerome "Jay" Apt (1967), astronaut on the Space Shuttle Atlantis^[38]
• Tom Vilsack (1968), former governor of Iowa and Secretary of Agriculture for the Barack Obama administration.
• Chris Frantz (1970), drummer for the Talking Heads^[39]
• Kerry Hannon (1978), writer for US News and World Report and USA Today
• Carl Kurlander (1978), Hollywood screenwriter of the film St. Elmo's Fire and NBC sitcom Saved by the Bell
• Catherine Heald (1980), entrepreneur and founder of InterOptica Publishing, Wanderlust Interactive, Soliloquy, and Remote Lands.
• Catherine S. Vodrey (1981), author of A Centennial History of the Hall China Company, "The Squandered Green," and "Leap to Track."
• Owen Young (1982), Boston Symphony Orchestra cellist
• Deirdre Byrne (1985), lead oceanographer of the Satellite Oceanography Group at NOAA.
• Christian K. Wedemeyer (1986), elected official of the Illinois Green Party and professor of the history of religions at the University of Chicago
• Jon Beckerman (1987), producer and creator of NBC comedy-drama Ed and ABC comedy The Knights of Prosperity.
• Jonathan Zittrain (1987), co-founder the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School and Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation, Oxford University.
• Peter Ackerman (1988), Hollywood screenwriter on the animated film Ice Age and voice actor on Ice Age and Ice Age: The Meltdown.
• Lenny McAllister (1989), conservative Republican political commentator and activist.
• Christian Borle (1991), Tony Award and Drama Desk Award-nominated Broadway actor.^[40] Currently starring in the NBC drama Smash.
• Courtney Bress (1992), Colorado Symphony Orchestra harpist.
• Tunde Adebimpe (1993), actor, director, and lead singer of the alternative rock band TV on the Radio.
• Eugene Baker (1994), NFL player^[41]
• Aarti Mann (1996), television actress on CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory.
• Candace Otto (1998), operatic soprano and Miss Pennsylvania 2003.
• Tim DeChristopher (2000), environmental activist and founder of environmental group Peaceful Uprising.
• Benjamin Lewis (2007), entrepreneur and founder of PurBlu Beverages, Inc.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site

Shady Side may refer to a location in the United States:

• Shady Side, Maryland, a settlement in Anne Arundel County
• Shady Side Academy, an independent college preparatory school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

See also[link]

• Shadyside (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

The Temple of Apollo is located at the end of Side's peninsula.

Side (Greek: Σίδη Side, Turkish: Side) was an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, in the region of Pamphylia, in what is now Antalya province, on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It is now a resort town and one of the best-known classical sites in Turkey, near Manavgat and the village of Selimiye, 75 km from Antalya) in the province of Antalya.^[1]

It is located on the eastern part of the Pamphylian coast, which lies about 20 km east of the mouth of the Eurymedon River. Today, as in antiquity, the ancient city is situated on a small north-south peninsula about 1 km long and 400 m across.

History[link]

Strabo and Arrian both record that Side was founded by Greek settlers from Cyme in Aeolis, a region of western Anatolia. This most likely occurred in the 7th century BC. Possessing a good harbour for small-craft boats, Side's natural geography made it one of the most important places in Pamphylia and one of the most important trade centres in the region. According to Arrian, when settlers from Cyme came to Side, they could not understand the dialect. After a short while, the influence of this indigenous tongue was so great that the newcomers forgot their native Greek and started using the language of Side. Excavations have revealed several inscriptions written in this language. The inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, remain undeciphered, but testify that the local language was still in use several centuries after colonisation. Another object found in the excavations at Side, a basalt column base from the 7th century BC and attributable to the Neo-Hittites, provides further evidence of the site's early history. The name Side is Anatolian in origin and means pomegranate.

Next to no information exists concerning Side under Lydian and Persian sovereignty.

Alexander the Great[link]

The Great Gate in the middle of Side's main street.

Temple of Apollo detail.

Alexander the Great occupied Side without a struggle in 333 BC. Alexander left only a single garrison behind to occupy the city. This occupation, in turn, introduced the people of Side to Hellenistic culture, which flourished from the 4th to the 1st century BC. After Alexander's death, Side fell under the control of one of Alexander's generals, Ptolemy I Soter, who declared himself king of Egypt in 305 BC. The Ptolemaic dynasty controlled Side until it was captured by the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC. Yet, despite these occupations, Side managed to preserve some autonomy, grew prosperous, and became an important cultural centre.

In 190 BC a fleet from the Greek island city-state of Rhodes, supported by Rome and Pergamum, defeated the Seleucid King Antiochus the Great's fleet, which was under the command of the fugitive Carthaginian general Hannibal. The defeat of Hannibal and Antiochus the Great meant that Side freed itself from the overlord-ship of the Seleucid Empire. The Treaty of Apamea (188 BC) forced Antiochus to abandon all European territories and to cede all of Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains to Pergamum. However, the dominion of Pergamum only reached de facto as far as Perga, leaving Eastern Pamphylia in a state of uncertain freedom. This led Attalus II Philadelphus to construct a new harbour in the city of Attalia (the present Antalya), although Side already possessed an important harbour of its own. Between 188 and 36 BC Side minted its own money, tetradrachms showing Nike and a laurel wreath (the sign of victory).

In the 1st century BC, Side reached a peak when the Cilician pirates established their chief naval base and a centre for their slave-trade.

Romans[link]

The consul Servilius Vatia defeated these brigands in 78 BC and later the Roman general Pompey in 67 BC, bringing Side under the control of Rome and beginning its second period of ascendancy, when it established and maintained a good working relationship with the Roman Empire.^[2]

Emperor Augustus reformed the state administration and placed Pamphylia and Side in the Roman province of Galatia in 25 BC, after the short reign of Amyntas of Galatia between 36 and 25 BC. Side began another prosperous period as a commercial centre in Asia Minor through its trade in olive oil. Its population grew to 60,000 inhabitants. This period would last well into the 3rd century AD. Side also established itself as a slave-trading centre in the Mediterranean. Its large commercial fleet engaged in acts of piracy, while wealthy merchants paid for such tributes as public works, monuments, and competitions as well as the games and gladiator fights. Most of the extant ruins at Side date from this period of prosperity.

One of the maps (portolani) of Piri Reis, taken from the Kitab-i Bahriye, which Piri produced in several editions, supplementing in 1520, but integrating it into subsequent editions.

Decline[link]

Side began a steady decline from the 4th century on. Even defensive walls could not stop successive invasions of highlanders from the Taurus Mountains. During the 5th and 6th centuries, Side experienced a revival, and became the seat of the Bishopric of Eastern Pamphylia. Arab fleets, nevertheless, raided and burned Side during the 7th century, contributing to its decline. The combination of earthquakes, Christian zealots and Arab raids, left the site abandoned by the 10th century, its citizens having emigrated to nearby Antalya.^[2]

In the 12th century, Side temporarily established itself once more as a large city. An inscription found on the site of the former ancient city shows a considerable Jewish population in early Byzantine times. However, Side was abandoned again after being sacked. Its population moved to Antalya, and Side became known as Eski Adalia ("Old Antalya") and was buried.

A hospital dating back to the 6th century.

This portion of the main street in Side is lined with the ruins of homes or shops, many of which feature their original mosaic tile flooring.

Ruins[link]

The great ruins are among the most notable in Asia Minor. They cover a large promontory where a wall and a moat separate it from the mainland. During medieval times, the wall and moat were repaired and the promontory houses a wealth of structures.

There are colossal ruins of a theatre complex, the largest of Pamphylia, built much like a Roman amphitheatre that relies on arches to support the sheer verticals. The Roman style was adopted because Side lacked a convenient hillside that could be hollowed out in the usual Greek fashion more typical of Asia Minor. The theatre is less preserved than the theatre at Aspendos, but it is almost as large, seating 15,000 - 20,000 people. With time and the shifting of the earth, the scena wall has collapsed over the stage and the proscenium is in a cataract of loose blocks. It was converted into an open-air sanctuary with two chapels during Byzantine times (5th-6th c.)

The well-preserved city walls provide an entrance to the site through the Hellenistic main gate (Megale Pyle) of the ancient city, although this gate from the 2nd century BC is badly damaged. Next comes the colonnaded street, whose marble columns are no longer extant; all that remains are a few broken stubs near the old Roman baths. The street leads to the a public bath, restored as a museum displaying statues and sarcophagi from the Roman period. Next is the square agora with the remains of the round Tyche and Fortuna temple (2nd c. BC), a periptery with twelve columns, in the middle. In later times it was used as a trading centre where pirates sold slaves. The remains of the theatre, which was used for gladiator fights and later as a church, and the monumental gate date back to the 2nd century. The early Roman Temple of Dionysus is near the theatre. The fountain gracing the entrance is restored. At the left side are the remains of a Byzantine Basilica. A public bath has also been restored.^[2]

The remaining ruins of Side include three temples, an aqueduct, and a nymphaeum. Side's nymphaeum – a grotto with a natural water supply dedicated to the nymphs – was an artificial grotto or fountain building of elaborate design.

There is also a virtually unknown, but expansive site, up in the Taurus foothills, several miles inland, known locally as Selacleure. Virtually unknown to the outside world and not represented on the internet at all, it is the Roman garrison, built by Mark Anthony, to support the city of Side. It covers at least a couple of square miles and is almost completely unexcavated, apart from two weeks in 1975, when the Turkish government funded two weeks of excavations. The site was, apparently, finally abandoned in the seventh century, when an earthquake caused the spring which fed the site with water to dry up completely. Many of the buildings are in remarkably good shape, particularly since, due to the lack of available stone, a significant quantity of the sites stonework contains egg and gravel based concrete blocks.

Turkish archaeologists have been excavating Side since 1947 and intermittently continue to do so.^[3]

Today[link]

In 1895 Turkish Muslim^[4][5][6] refugees from Crete moved to the ruined town and called it Selimiye. Today, Side has become a popular holiday destination and experiences a new revival.

It was a popular spot for watching the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006.

Having been the Bishopric of Eastern Pamphylia, it is still a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.

See also[link]

• Coinage of Side
• Manavgat Waterfall
• Oymapinar Dam
• Philip of Side
• Saint Probus of Side
• Sidetic language

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Side (Turkey)

• About Side and Manavgat
• Excellent Pictures - Pictures Of Side and Manavgat
• Side photos with explanations
• Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Side"
• Acceptable pictures of the museum, 105 of them
• Not bad pictures of the town, 230 of them
• Side Turkey Guide for UK Travellers

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

v t e Ancient settlements in Turkey Aegean Aegae Aizanoi Alabanda Alinda Allianoi Amorium Amyzon Antioch on the Maeander Apamea in Phrygia Aphrodisias Apollonia in Mysia Atarneus Bargylia Beycesultan Caloe Caryanda Celaenae Ceramus Colophon Cyme Didyma Docimium Ephesus Erythrae Euromus Gambrion Gryneion Halicarnassus Hierapolis Iasos Karmylissos Kaunos Klazomenai Knidos Labraunda Laodicea on the Lycus Latmus Lebedus Limantepe Magnesia on the Maeander Metropolis Miletus Myndus Myriandrus Myus Notion Nysa Oenoanda Orestias Pepuza Pergamon Perperene Phocaea Pinara Pitane Priene Sardis Sigeion Smyrna Stratonicea in Lydia Stratonicea in Caria Temnos Teos Tymion Black Sea Alaca Höyük Comana in the Pontus Euchaita Hattusa Hüseyindede Tepe Ibora Laodicea Pontica Nerik Nicopolis Pompeiopolis Salatiwara Samuha Sapinuwa Tripolis Yazılıkaya Zaliches Central Anatolia Alişar Hüyük Binbirkilise Çatalhöyük Derbe Dorylaeum Gordium Heraclea Cybistra Irenopolis Kaman-Kalehöyük Kerkenes Kültepe (Kanesh) Laodicea Combusta Mokissos Nyssa Pessinus Purushanda Tavium Tyana Eastern Anatolia Altıntepe Ani Melid Sugunia Tushpa Marmara Aegospotami Alexandria Troas Apamea Myrlea Apollonia on the Rhyndax Apros Assos Cardia Cebrene Chalcedon Cius Cyzicus Drusipara Faustinopolis Germanicopolis Lysimachia Nicomedia Sestos Skepsis Troy (Hisarlik) Mediterranean Alalakh Anazarbus Antigonia Antioch on the Orontes Antioch in Pisidia Antiochia Lamotis Antioch on the Cragus Antioch on the Pyramis Aphrodisias of Cilicia Ariassos Arsinoe Arycanda Aspendos Comana in Cappadocia Corycus (Kızkalesi) Cremna Cyrrhus Domuztepe Elaiussa Sebaste Epiphania Gözlükule Hacilar Irenopolis Issus Kandyba Karatepe Kibyra Mallus Mamure Castle Mezgitkale Mopsuestia Myra Olba Patara Perga Phaselis Rhosus Sagalassos Seleucia in Pamphylia Seleucia Pieria Seleucia Sidera Selge Side Sillyon Soli Sozopolis Tell Tayinat Termessos Tlos Xanthos Yumuktepe Southeastern Anatolia Antioch in the Taurus Antioch in Mesopotamia Apamea on the Euphrates Carchemish Çayönü Dara Edessa Göbekli Tepe Harran Kussara Nevalı Çori Sakçagözü Sam'al Samosata Sareisa Seleucia at the Zeugma Sultantepe Tille Tushhan Zeugma

Coordinates: 36°46′00″N 31°23′20″E / 36.7666667°N 31.38889°E / 36.7666667; 31.38889

Jonathan Zittrain
Born	(1969-12-24) December 24, 1969 (age 42)
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Yale University, Harvard Law School, John F. Kennedy School of Government
Occupation	Professor
Employer	Harvard University
Website
http://futureoftheinternet.org/blog/ http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/jzittrain

Jonathan L. Zittrain (born December 24, 1969) is an American professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School and the Harvard Kennedy School, a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and a faculty co-director of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Previously, Zittrain was Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford and visiting professor at the New York University School of Law and Stanford Law School. He is the author of, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It; as well as co-editor of the books, Access Denied (MIT Press, 2008) and Access Controlled (MIT Press, 2010).

Zittrain works in several intersections of the Internet with law and policy including intellectual property, censorship and filtering for content control, and computer security. He founded a project at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society that develops classroom tools.^[1] He is a co-founder of Chilling Effects, a collaborative archive created to protect lawful online activity from legal threats that was created by Wendy Seltzer

Family and education[link]

Zittrain speaking at iSummit07

Zittrain is the son of two attorneys, Ruth A. Zittrain and Lester E. Zittrain. His father was the personal attorney of professional football star Joe Greene. In 2004 with Jennifer K. Harrison, Zittrain published The Torts Game: Defending Mean Joe Greene, a book the authors dedicated to their parents.^[2] His brother, Jeff, is an established Bay Area musician.^[3][4] His sister, Laurie Zittrain Eisenberg, is a scholar of the Arab and Israeli conflict^[5] and teaches at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.^[6] He is unmarried and has no children.

Zittrain, who grew up in the suburb of Churchill outside of Pittsburgh, was graduated in 1987 from Shady Side Academy, a private school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[7] He holds a bachelor's summa cum laude in cognitive science and artificial intelligence from Yale University, 1991, where he was a member of the Yale Political Union, Manuscript Society and Davenport College, a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School, 1995, where he was the winner of the Williston Negotiation Competition, and a master of public administration from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1995.^[8][9]

He was law clerk for Stephen F. Williams of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and served with the U.S. Department of Justice and, in 1991, with the Department of State, as well as at the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in 1992 and 1994.^[10] He was a longtime forum administrator, or sysop, for the online service CompuServe, serving for many years as the chief administrator for its private forum for all of its forum administrators.^[9]

Later career[link]

Jonathan Zittrain

Zittrain joined the staff of the University of Oxford in Oxford in the United Kingdom as of September 2005.^[11] He held the Chair in Internet Governance and Regulation, was a principal of the Oxford Internet Institute, and was a Professorial Fellow of Keble College, which has developed a particular interest in computer science and public policy.^[11] In the United States, he was also the Jack N. & Lillian R. Berkman Visiting Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and director and founder with Charles Nesson of its Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Zittrain was a visiting professor at the Stanford Law School in 2007^[12] and was a visiting professor at New York University School of Law in Manhattan for the spring 2008 semester.

Zittrain taught, or taught with others, Harvard's courses on Cyberlaw: Internet Points of Control, The Exploding Internet: Building A Global Commons in Cyberspace, Torts, Internet & Society: The Technologies and Politics of Control, The Law of Cyberspace, The Law of Cyberspace: Social Protocols, Privacy Policy, The Microsoft Case, and The High Tech Entrepreneur.^[13] He searched for novel ways to use technology unobtrusively in the classroom at Harvard,^[14] founded H2O^[15] and used the system to teach his classes. Students are polled, assigned opposing arguments, and use H2O to develop their writing skills. Students enrolled in his The Internet and Society class could participate both orally and via the Internet. A teaching fellow seated in the classroom supplied Zittrain with the comments received from students in real time via e-mail as well as through "chat" or "instant message" from students participating in the class while logged into Second Life. (www.secondlife.com)^[16]

He has been critical of the process used by ICANN, the International Telecommunication Union and the World Summit on the Information Society.^[17] Although he describes their approach as, in some ways, simple and naïve, Zittrain sees more hope in the open Internet Engineering Task Force model and in the ethical code and assumption of good faith that govern Wikipedia.^[18] He wrote in 2008, "Wikipedia—with the cooperation of many Wikipedians—has developed a system of self-governance that has many indicia of the rule of law without heavy reliance on outside authority or boundary."^[18]

In 2009 Zittrain was elected to the Internet Society's board of trustees for a four-year term.^[19] In February 2011 he joined the board of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.^[20]

Internet filtering[link]

The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) monitors Internet censorship by national governments. Between 2001 and 2003 at Harvard's Berkman Center, Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman studied Internet filtering. In their tests during 2002, when Google had indexed almost 2.5 billion pages, they found sites blocked, from approximately 100 in France and Germany to 2,000 in Saudi Arabia, and 20,000 in the People's Republic of China. The authors published a statement of issues and a call for data that year.^[21]

Building on the work completed at the Berkman Center, ONI published special reports, case studies, and bulletins beginning in 2004,^[22] and as of 2008, offered research on filtering in 40 countries as well as by regions of the world.^[23] Today at ONI, with Ronald Deibert of the University of Toronto, John Palfrey, who was previously the executive director of the Berkman Center (now a professor of law and vice-dean at Harvard Law School), and Rafal Rohozinski of the University of Cambridge, Zittrain is a principal investigator.^[24]

In 2001, Zittrain cofounded Chilling Effects with his students and former students, including its creator and leader, Wendy Seltzer. It monitors cease and desist letters. Google directs its users to Chilling Effects when its search results have been altered at the request of a national government.^[14][25] Since 2002, researchers have been using the clearinghouse to study the use of cease-and-desist letters, primarily looking at DMCA 512 takedown notices, non-DMCA copyright, and trademark claims.^[26][27]

Copyright[link]

On October 9, 2002, Zittrain and Lawrence Lessig argued a landmark case, known as Eldred v. Ashcroft, before the United States Supreme Court. As co-counsel for the plaintiff, they argued that the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) was unconstitutional.^[28] The court ruled 7–2 on January 15, 2003 to uphold the CTEA which extended existing copyrights 20 years, from the life of the author plus 50 years, to plus 70 years. In the words of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the petitioners did "not challenge the CTEA's 'life-plus-70-years' time span itself. They maintain that Congress went awry not with respect to newly created works, but in enlarging the term for published works with existing copyrights." The court found that the act did "not exceed Congress' power" and that "CTEA's extension of existing and future copyrights does not violate the First Amendment".^[29] In 2003 Zittrain said he was concerned that Congress will hear the same arguments after the 20-year extension passes, and that the Internet is causing a "cultural reassessment of the meaning of copyright".^[30]

Security[link]

Zittrain and Lawrence Lessig speaking at Google in 2008

After Zittrain joined the staff at Oxford, Zittrain and John Palfrey at the Berkman Center founded StopBadware.org in 2006 to function as a clearinghouse for what has become proliferation of malware.^[31] Borrowing Wikipedia's "ethical code that encourages users to do the right thing rather than the required thing",^[32] the organization wished to assign the task of data collection—and not analysis—about malware to Internet users at large.^[31] When its scans find dangerous code, Google places StopBadware alerts in its search results and rescans later to determine whether a site thereafter had been cleaned.^[33]

One of StopBadware's goals is to "preempt" the stifling of the Internet.^[34] The founders think that centralized regulation could follow a serious Internet security breach, and that consumers might then choose to purchase closed, centrally managed solutions like tethered appliances that are modified by their vendor rather than owner, or might flee to services in walled gardens. In Zittrain's word, "generative" devices and platforms, including the Internet itself, offer an opening forward.^[1] In 2007, he cautioned, "...we're moving to software-as-service, which can be yanked or transformed at any moment. The ability of your PC to run independent code is an important safety valve."^[35]

Reactions in the Boston Review accompanied the publication of his book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, in 2008. Support came from David D. Clark and Susan P. Crawford. Criticism ranged from Richard Stallman's finding no evidence of a flight to closed systems and his message that software developers need control and software patents must end,^[36] to a request for cost-benefit analysis,^[37] to the belief that netizenship won't scale to the business world^[38] to faith that consumers will buy only open, non-proprietary systems.^[39]

Directed by Palfrey and Zittrain, StopBadware receives high-level guidance from its advisory board: Vint Cerf of Google, Esther Dyson, George He of Lenovo, Greg Papadopoulos (formerly CTO of Sun Microsystems), and Ari Schwartz of the Center for Democracy and Technology. The working group, which has included Ben Adida, Scott Bradner, Beau Brendler, Jerry Gregoire, Eric L. Howes, and Nart Villeneuve at various times, frames the project's research agenda and methodology and is the body which helps to inform the public about StopBadware's work.^[40] StopBadware has been supported by AOL, Google, eBay/PayPal, Lenovo, Trend Micro, and VeriSign and its use has been advised by Consumer Reports WebWatch.^[41]

Stock markets and spam[link]

Writing with Laura Freider of Purdue University, in 2008 Zittrain published, Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity, in the Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal to document the manipulation of stock prices via spam e-mail.^[42] They found evidence that "stocks experience a significantly positive return on days prior to heavy touting via spam" and that "prolific spamming greatly affects the trading volume of a targeted stock". Apart from transaction costs, in some circumstances the spammer earned over 4% while the average investor who bought on the day of receipt of the spam would lose more than 5% if they sold two days later.^[43] Frieder said in 2006 that she knew of no other explanation for their results, but that people do follow the stock tips in their spam e-mail.^[42]