Quantitative Analysis of the Flora of Jordan and its Conservation Status
As yet there is no descriptive flora of
Jordan, though a revised checklist of the plants of Jordan has been recently published (Al-Eisawi
2013). Through the BOT-ERA project, an effort to update and produce an annotated checklist of the plants of Jordan is being done.
Species records are databased from information obtained from several national and international herbaria, and published sources. A quantitative analysis of the flora shows ± 2625 species (including unresolved names) in 810 genera belonging to 113 families of vascular plants. The families Leguminosae (±280 spp), Asteraceae (±277 spp), Poaceae (±226 spp), Brassicaceae (±
145 spp), Liliaceae (±124 spp), Lamiaceae (±116 spp) and Caryophyllaceae (±
110 spp) are the largest with more than
100 species in each. An analysis of the distribution of the flora in the different ecogeographic regions shows the northern and southern mountains of Jordan to be the most species rich.
Jordan is influenced by two major phytochoria, the Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian, both subdivided into regional phytochoria specific to the
Middle Eastern region (
Leonard 1989).
Species richness and endemism is high in the
Mediterranean part of the Irano-Turanian region of Jordan. Endemism is restricted mainly to the southern Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions as the southern mountains have been isolated by large wadis in the north and west.
Biodiversity Surveys carried out by
RSCN in the designated
Nature Reserves show
Ajloun and
Dana Nature Reserves to be the most species rich. There are seven species endemic to Jordan and ± 106 near endemics, (viz endemic to
Palestine,
Israel, Jordan,
Saudi Arabia and
Sinai). The endemic and near endemic species constitute about 2.5% of the total flora. Through the BOT-ERA project,
Conservation Assessments of 931 species have been made. Using the
IUCN Regional Categories and
Criteria, one species,
Salvia fruticosa, is recorded to be Regionally
Extinct (Region-Jordan), 19 species are
Critically Endangered, 54
Endangered, 34
Vulnerable, and 11 species
Near Threatened. Threats to biodiversity and habitats in Jordan include urbanization, wood cutting, overgrazing, and extractor mining. A
National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan and a
Wild Socioeconomic Plant Conservation
Strategy for the protection and conservation of species and crop wild relatives are in preparation.
Presentation by Dr.
Shahina Ghazanfar at the
International Conference on the Conservation and Use of Socio-Economically Important Wild Plants in the
Fertile Crescent organized by the
Royal Botanic Garden of Jordan in
Amman on April 8 and 9, 2014.
Dr. Shahina A. Ghazanfar has worked in the
Sultanate of Oman (
Sultan Qaboos University),
West Africa (
Bayero University,
Nigeria),
Fiji (
University of the South Pacific) and
Pakistan (
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council), and has made major contributions to the study of the floras of those countries. She joined the
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK, in
2001, initially as co-editor for the
Flora of Tropical East Africa (2001 to 2008) and then as
Head of the
Temperate Regional
Team, and Editor of the
Flora of
Iraq. She has a particular interest in the restoration, conservation and biogeography of the
Arabian Peninsula; her interests and research extend to the study of medicinal plants and plants of economic importance, and salt loving plants of
Arabia and tropical
Africa. She has authored several books, chapters in edited books, and written peer-reviewed papers on the
Arabian flora and vegetation.
Her major contributions are as editor and author of Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula (
1998:
Kluwer), Handbook of Arabian Medicinal Plants (
1994:
CRC Press) and Flora of the Sultanate of Oman (
2003:
Vol. 1;
2006:
Vol. 2, Vol. 3 (in press) of four volumes, with distribution maps, vernacular names, accompanying
CD-ROM of species photographs, published by the
National Botanic Garden of Belgium). She has written several papers on the vegetation and ecology and conservation status of the flora of
Oman.
Dr. Ghazanfar contributed towards a major plant family, Scrophulariaceae, for Flora of Tropical East Africa (Kew: 2008), and is currently preparing a working checklist of plants of the Arabian Peninsula and halophytes (salt tolerant plants) of
SW Asia.
For the last five years she has been involved in major restoration and conservation projects in the
UAE and advises on native plants that have potential for restoration of degraded habitats, and those that have potential for landscaping and horticulture.
Shahina A Ghazanfar (1), Hatem Taifour (2),
Ahmed Al-Oqlah (3) and
Renata Borosova (
1)
1 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK
2 Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan
3
Department of
Biological Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Jordan
More info:
www.boterajordan.org
www.royalbotanicgarden.org
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RBG.RoyalBotanicGarden.Jordan
www.twitter.com/botanicgardenjo