- published: 20 Nov 2012
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The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a deer from the Arctic and Subarctic, including both resident and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous, some of its subspecies are rare and one (or two, depending on taxonomy) has already gone extinct.
Reindeer vary considerably in color and size. Both sexes grow antlers, though they are typically larger in males. There are a few populations where females lack antlers completely.
Wild reindeer hunting and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer (for meat, hides, antlers, milk and transportation) are important to several Arctic and Subarctic people. Even far outside its range, the reindeer is well known due to the myth, probably originating in early 19th century America, in which Santa Claus's sleigh is pulled by flying reindeer, a popular element of Christmas. In Lapland, reindeer pull pulks.
The reindeer is a widespread and numerous species in the northern Holarctic, being present in both tundra and taiga (boreal forest). Originally, the reindeer was found in Scandinavia, eastern Europe, Russia, Mongolia, and northern China north of the 50th latitude. In North America, it was found in Canada, Alaska (USA), and the northern conterminous USA from Washington to Maine. In the 19th century, it was apparently still present in southern Idaho. It also occurred naturally on Sakhalin, Greenland, and probably even in historical times in Ireland. During the late Pleistocene era, reindeer were found as far south as Nevada and Tennessee in North America and Spain in Europe. Today, wild reindeer have disappeared from many areas within this large historical range, especially from the southern parts, where it vanished almost everywhere. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in Norway, Finland, Siberia, Greenland, Alaska, and Canada.
Actors: Veikko Honkanen (actor), Jeremy Burdek (producer), Gilles Waterkeyn (producer), Nadia Khamlichi (producer), Mikael Wahlforss (writer), Pierre Philippe Hendrickx (miscellaneous crew), Adrian Politowski (producer), Mikael Wahlforss (producer), Pierre Drouot (miscellaneous crew), Rauno Ahonen (actor), Maija-Liisa Peuhu (actress), Lieven Vanhove (miscellaneous crew), Lieven Vanhove (miscellaneous crew), Jan Goossen (producer), Kiti Kokkonen (actress),
Genres: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy,Actors: Mikael Wahlforss (producer), Mikael Wahlforss (writer), Rauno Ahonen (actor), Kiti Kokkonen (actress), Rinna Paatso (actress), Santtu Karvonen (actor), Veeti Kallio (actor), Paula Vesala (actress), Juhani Rajalin (actor), Susa Saukko (actress), Jon Jon Geitel (actor), Niko Kivelä (actor), Henni-Liisa Stam (actress), Antti Jaakola (actor), Thomas Wipf (writer),
Genres: Animation,Actors: Jean-Pierre Marielle (actor), Pierre-François Martin-Laval (actor), Max Cullen (actor), Benoît Allemane (actor), Lorànt Deutsch (actor), Magda Szubanski (actress), Julie Gayet (actress), Line Renaud (actress), Nerida Tyson-Chew (composer), Bruno Salomone (actor), Christian Davin (producer), Didier Brice (actor), Shane Jacobson (actor), Avrill Stark (producer), Avrill Stark (producer),
Plot: Santa doesn't want to retire, but rules are rules and he must train someone to replace him. The lucky winner, to be chosen from among millions of children, must be named Nicholas, be an orphan and have a pure heart. On the other side of the planet, there is a little boy who is a perfect match, but his lack of self-confidence and fear of heights make him a poor contestant. Will Santa agree to step down, and help his apprentice take his place?
Keywords: christmasActors: Michelle Trachtenberg (actress), Mark Cuban (producer), Jerry Wasserman (actor), Michael Adamthwaite (actor), Bob Clark (producer), Mary Elizabeth Winstead (actress), Crystal Lowe (actress), Peter New (actor), Aaron Pearl (actor), Andrea Martin (actress), Juan Riedinger (actor), Karin Konoval (actress), Lacey Chabert (actress), Robert Milicevic (miscellaneous crew), Torrence Hall (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: In the 70's, the boy Billy is born with yellow skin due to a liver disease and his dysfunctional mother rejects him. Later he witnesses his mother and her lover killing his beloved father and burying him in the basement of their house, and he is locked in the attic alone along his childhood. When he is a teenager, he is sexually abused by his mother and she has a baby girl called Agnes. During Christmas, the deranged Billy escapes from his imprisonment, kills his mother and stepfather and blinds one eye of Agnes. He is declared insane and his sister is sent to an orphanage. In the present days, Billy escapes from the Clark Sanatorium to spend Christmas with his family. Meanwhile, his former house is the Delta Alpha Kappa sorority house in the campus of the Clement University, and the housemother and the sisters Kelli Presley, Dana, Lauren Hannon, Megan, Heather, Megan Helms, Melissa and Eve Agnew are preparing the house for Christmas party in a stormy night while Clair Crosby is in her room writing a card to bury the hatchet with her sister. When three sisters vanish, the others receive weird phone calls and believe something is wrong, but they find that they are trapped in the location.
Keywords: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, accidental-death, argument, asphyxiation, asylum, attic, baby-dollActors: Judge Reinhold (actor), Kevin Pollak (actor), Blu Mankuma (actor), David Krumholtz (actor), Gary Jones (actor), Michael Dorn (actor), Fred Keating (actor), Tim Allen (actor), Peter Boyle (actor), Tim Allen (actor), Tim Allen (actor), Bob Bergen (actor), Art LaFleur (actor), Wendy Crewson (actress), Jay Thomas (actor),
Plot: Scott Calvin has been Santa Claus for the past eight years, and his loyal elves consider him the best Santa ever. But Santa's got problems (he's even mysteriously losing weight) and things quickly go south when he finds out that his son, Charlie, has landed on this year's "naughty" list. Desperate to help his son, Scott heads back home, leaving a substitute Claus to watch over things at the Pole. But when the substitute institutes some strange redefinitions of naughty and nice, putting Christmas at risk, it's up to Scott to return with a new bag of magic to try to save Christmas.
Keywords: absent-father, airplane, american-football, animatronic, character-name-in-title, children, christmas, christmas-party, christmas-tree, cupidActors: Judge Reinhold (actor), Kevin Pollak (actor), Blu Mankuma (actor), David Krumholtz (actor), Gary Jones (actor), Michael Dorn (actor), Fred Keating (actor), Tim Allen (actor), Peter Boyle (actor), Tim Allen (actor), Tim Allen (actor), Bob Bergen (actor), Art LaFleur (actor), Wendy Crewson (actress), Jay Thomas (actor),
Plot: Scott Calvin has been Santa Claus for the past eight years, and his loyal elves consider him the best Santa ever. But Santa's got problems (he's even mysteriously losing weight) and things quickly go south when he finds out that his son, Charlie, has landed on this year's "naughty" list. Desperate to help his son, Scott heads back home, leaving a substitute Claus to watch over things at the Pole. But when the substitute institutes some strange redefinitions of naughty and nice, putting Christmas at risk, it's up to Scott to return with a new bag of magic to try to save Christmas.
Keywords: absent-father, airplane, american-football, animatronic, character-name-in-title, children, christmas, christmas-party, christmas-tree, cupidActors: Ron Haddrick (actor), Ron Haddrick (actor), Yoram Gross (writer), Ron Haddrick (actor), Yoram Gross (writer), Yoram Gross (producer), Yoram Gross (director), Ron Haddrick (actor), Ron Haddrick (actor), Anne Haddy (actress), Anne Haddy (actress), Anne Haddy (actress), John Palmer (writer), Drew Forsythe (actor), Bob Young (composer),
Genres: Animation, Family,Actors: Fred Sadoff (director), Clive Marshall (actor), Jonathan Collins (actor), Penny Whittam (actress),
Genres: Family,Actors: Fred Sadoff (director), Clive Marshall (actor), Jonathan Collins (actor), Penny Whittam (actress),
Genres: Family,Actors: Fred Sadoff (director), Clive Marshall (actor), Jonathan Collins (actor), Penny Whittam (actress),
Genres: Family,