Emotional contagion is the tendency to catch and feel emotions that are similar to and associated with those of others. One view developed by John Cacioppo of the underlying mechanism is that it represents a tendency to mimic and synchronize facial expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person automatically and, consequently, to converge emotionally.^[1] A broader definition of the phenomenon was suggested by Sigal G. Barsade—"a process in which a person or group influences the emotions or behavior of another person or group through the conscious or unconscious induction of emotion states and behavioral attitudes".^[2]

Research[link]

Emotional contagion may be involved in mob psychology crowd behaviors, like collective fear, disgust, or moral outrage, but also emotional interactions in smaller groups such as work negotiation, teaching and persuasion/propaganda contexts. It is also the phenomenon when a person (especially a child) appears distressed because another person is distressed, or happy because they are happy. The ability to transfer moods appears to be innate in humans. Emotional contagion and empathy have an interesting relationship; for without an ability to differentiate between personal and pre-personal experience (see individuation), they appear the same. In The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm explores the autonomy necessary for empathy which is not found in contagion. Fromm extolled the virtues of humans taking independent action and using reason to establish moral values rather than adhering to authoritarian moral values.^{[clarification needed]} Recognizing emotions and acknowledging their cause can be one way to avoid emotional contagion. Transfers of emotions have been studied in different situations and settings. Social and physiological causes are the two largest areas of research.

In addition to the social contexts discussed above, emotional contagion is a concept that has been studied within organizations. Schrock, Leaf, and Rohr (2008) discuss that organizations, like societies, have emotion cultures that consist of languages, rituals, and meaning systems, including rules about the feelings workers should, and should not, feel and display. They state that the concept of emotion culture is quite similar to the notion of "emotion climate" (p. 46), which has also been synonymously referred to as morale, organizational morale, and corporate morale.^{[citation needed]} Furthermore, Worline, Wrzesniewski, and Rafaeli (2002) make mention that organizations have an overall "emotional capability" (p. 318), while McColl-Kennedy and Smith (2006) examine the concept of "emotional contagion" (p. 255) specifically in customer interactions. These terms are arguably all attempting to describe a similar phenomenon; each term is different from one another in subtle and somewhat indistinguishable ways. Future research might consider where and how the meanings of these terms intersect, as well as how they differ.

Implicit emotional contagion[link]

Unlike cognitive contagion, emotional contagion is less conscious and more automatic. It relies mainly on non-verbal communication, although it has been demonstrated that emotional contagion can, and does, occur via telecommunication. For example, people interacting through E-mails and "chats" are affected by the other's emotions, without being able to perceive the non-verbal cues.

One view, proposed by Hatfield and colleagues, describes the emotional contagion process as a primitive, automatic and unconscious behavior. According to them, it takes place through a series of steps. When a receiver is interacting with a sender, he perceives the emotional expressions of the sender. The receiver automatically mimics those emotional expressions. Through the process of afferent feedback, these new expressions are translated into feeling the emotions the sender feels, thus leading to emotional convergence. Another view, emanating from social comparison theories, sees emotional contagion as demanding more cognitive effort and being more conscious. According to this view, people engage in social comparison to see if their emotional reaction is congruent with the persons around them. In this case, the recipient uses the emotion as a type of social information to understand how he or she should be feeling.^[2]

People respond differentially to positive and negative stimuli, and negative events tend to elicit stronger and quicker emotional, behavioral, and cognitive responses than neutral or positive events. Thus, unpleasant emotions are more likely to lead to mood contagion than are pleasant emotions. Another variable that needs to be taken into account is the energy level at which the emotion is displayed. As higher energy causes more attention to it, the prediction is that the same emotional valence (pleasant or unpleasant) expressed with high energy will lead to more contagion than if expressed with low energy.^[2]

Explicit emotional contagion[link]

Contrary to the automatic infection of feelings described above, there are times when others' emotions are being manipulated by a person or a group in order to achieve something. This can be a result of intentional affective influence by a leader or team member. Suppose this person wants to convince the others in something, he may do so by sweeping them in his enthusiasm. In such a case, his positive emotions are an act with a purpose of "contaminating" the others' feelings. A different kind of intentional mood contagion is by giving the group a reward, or treat, in order to alleviate their feelings.

In the organizational psychology literature, a growing body of research is dedicated to the aspects of emotional labor. In short, it deals with the need to manage emotions so that they are consistent with organizational or occupational display rules, regardless of whether they are discrepant with internal feelings. In regard to emotional contagion, in work settings that require a certain display of emotions, one finds himself obligated to display, and consequently feel, these emotions. In a process where surface acting develops into deep acting, emotional contagion is the byproduct of intentional affective impression management.^[3]

Factors influencing group contagion[link]

There are several factors which determine the rate and extent of emotional convergence in a group. Some of these are: membership stability, mood-regulation norms, task interdependence and social interdependence.^[4]
Besides these event-structure properties, there are personal properties of the group's members, such as openness to receive and transmit feelings, demographic characteristics and dispositional affect, that influence the intensity of emotional contagion.

Consequences in organizations and workplaces[link]

Intragroup emotional contagion[link]

Many organizations and workplaces are currently encouraging team-work. This is a move driven by studies conducted by organizational psychologists that highlight the benefits of work-teams. Also, putting people together as a group and expecting everything to pass quietly is being naïve. Emotions come into play and a "group emotion" is formed.

The group's emotional state has an influence on factors such as cohesiveness, morale, rapport and the team's performance. For this reason, organizations need to take into account the factors that shape the emotional state of the work-teams, in order to harness the beneficial sides and avoid the detrimental sides of the group's emotion. Managers and team leaders should be even more cautious with their behavior, since their emotional influence is greater than that of a "regular" team member. It has been shown that leaders are more emotionally "contagious" than others.^[5]

Employee-customer emotional contagion[link]

The interaction between service employees and customers is considered an essential part of both customers' assessments of service quality and their relationship with the service provider.^[6] Positive affective displays in service interactions are positively associated with important customer outcomes, such as intention to return and to recommend the store to a friend.^[7] It is the interest of organizations that their customers be happy, since a happy customer is a satisfied one. Research has shown that the emotional state of the customer is directly influenced by the emotions displayed by the employee/service provider via emotional contagion.^[8] But, this influence is dependent on the degree of authenticity of the employee's emotional display, such that if the employee is only surface-acting, the contagion of the customer is poor, in which case the beneficial effects stated above will not occur.^[6]

Married couples[link]

Robert Levenson, Ph.D., researches human psychophysiology. Levenson uses longitudinal studies of married couples' physiological responses. He measures how empathy requires a calm and receptive emotional environment for the couple to be in physiological sync. When an emotional hijacking is taking place (anger or argument) empathy declines and the cognitions of the spouse are blocked.

Heritability[link]

Dr. Ed Diener maintains that genetics influences our positive and negative dispositions. David Lykken offers an emotional set point theory he backs up with habitability studies of twins.

Children[link]

Psychologist Elaine Hatfield theorizes emotional contagions as a two-step process: Step 1: We imitate people, if someone smiles at you, you smile back. Step 2: Changes in mood through faking it. If you smile you feel happy, if you frown you feel bad.^{[citation needed]} Mimicry seems to be one foundation of emotional movement between people. Hour old infants will mimic a person's facial expressions such as smiling.^{[citation needed]}

Martin E.P.Seligman, Ph.D., uses synchrony games to build children's learning that "your actions matter and can control outcomes". When a baby bangs on a table the adult bangs on the table, replicating the action. This is one way emotional learning can be validated by an adult.^{[clarification needed]}

Neurological mechanisms[link]

Vittorio Gallese posits that mirror neurons are responsible for intentional attunement in relation to others. Gallese and colleagues at the University of Parma found a class of neurons in the premotor cortex that discharge when macaque monkeys execute goal-related hand movements or when they watch others doing the same action. One class of these neurons fires with action execution and observation, and with sound production of the same action. Research in humans shows an activation of the premotor cortex and parietal area of the brain for action perception and execution. Gallese continues his dialogue to say humans understand emotions through a simulated shared body state. The observers' neural activation enables a direct experiential understanding. "Unmediated resonance" is a similar theory by Goldman and Sripada (2004). Empathy can be a product of the functional mechanism in our brain that creates embodied simulation. The other we see or hear becomes the "other self" in our minds. Other researchers have shown that observing someone else's emotions recruits brain regions involved in (a) experiencing similar emotions and (b) produce similar facial expressions.^{[9][10][11][12]} This combination of activations indicates that the observer activates (a) a representation of the emotional feeling of the other individual which would lead to emotional contagion and (b) a motor representation of the observed facial expression that could lead to facial mimicry. In the brain, understanding and sharing other individuals' emotions would thus be a combination of emotional contagion and facial mimicry. Importantly, more empathic individuals activate the brain regions involved in their own emotions more strongly while witnessing the emotions of other individuals.

Amygdala[link]

The amygdala is the part of the brain mechanism that underlies empathy and allows for emotional attunement and creates the pathway for emotional contagions. The basal areas including the brain stem form a tight loop of biological connectedness, re-creating in one person the physiological state of the other. Howard Friedman, a psychologist at the University of California at Irvine thinks this is why some people can move and inspire others. The use of facial expressions, voices, gestures and body movements transmit emotions to an audience from a speaker.

Insulation and inoculation[link]

The concept of insulating oneself from emotional contagion is called emotional detachment. Alexithymic conditions may be one avenue people use to avoid emotional contagions. Primary alexithymia has a distinct neurological basis and a physical cause, such as genetic abnormality, disrupted biological development or traumatic brain injury (an example would be stroke). Secondary alexithymia results from psychological influences such as sociocultural conditioning, neurotic retroflection or defense against trauma. Secondary is often seen in post-traumatic stress patients. Secondary alexithymia is presumed to be more transient than primary alexithymia and hence more likely to respond to therapy or training.

Howard Gardner has developed his multiple intelligence theory to include:

• interpersonal intelligence, which is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Educators, salespeople, religious and political leaders and counselors all need a well-developed interpersonal intelligence.
• intrapersonal intelligence, which entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations. In Howard Gardner's view it involves having an effective working model of us, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives.

The use of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence can create an atmosphere of growth for individuals.

See also[link]

Psychology portal

References[link]

• Martin, P. Y., Schrock, D., Leaf, M., & Rohr, C. V. (2008). Rape work: Emotional dilemmas in work with victims. In S. Fineman (Ed.), The emotional organization: Passions and power (pp. 44–60). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
• McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Smith, A. K. (2006). Customer emotions in service failure and recovery encounters. In N. M. Ashkanasy, W. J. Zerbe & C. E. J. Hartel (Series Eds.) & W. J. Zerbe, N. M. Ashkanasy & C. E. J. Hartel (Vol. Eds.), Research on emotion in organizations: Vol. 2. Individual and organizational perspectives on emotion management and display (pp. 237–268). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Worline, M. C., Wrzesniewski, A., & Rafaeli, A. (2002). Courage and work: Breaking routines to improve performance. In N. Schmitt (Series Ed.) & R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski & R. K. Kanfer (Vol. Eds.), The organizational frontier series: Vol. 16. Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 295–330). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Further reading[link]

• The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (2009). J. Decety and W. Ickes (Eds.). Cambridge: MIT Press, Cambridge.
• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. Emotional contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press. (1994)
• Lykken, D. Happiness: The nature and nurture of joy and contentment. New York: St. Martin's Press Griffin. (2000)
• Seligman, Martin. Authentic Happiness, Free Press ( 2002)
• Showalter, Elaine Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture New York: Columbia University Press
• Goleman, Daniel Working with Emotional Intelligence Bantam Books. (1998)
• Essel, David, M.S. Phoenix Soul Kona Press. (1998)
• Martin, P. Y., Schrock, D., Leaf, M., & Rohr, C. V. (2008). Rape work: Emotional dilemmas in work with victims. In S. Fineman (Ed.), The emotional organization: Passions and power (pp. 44–60). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
• McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Smith, A. K. (2006). Customer emotions in service failure and recovery encounters. In N. M. Ashkanasy, W. J. Zerbe & C. E. J. Hartel (Series Eds.) & W. J. Zerbe, N. M. Ashkanasy & C. E. J. Hartel (Vol. Eds.), Research on emotion in organizations: Vol. 2. Individual and organizational perspectives on emotion management and display (pp. 237–268). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Worline, M. C., Wrzesniewski, A., & Rafaeli, A. (2002). Courage and work: Breaking routines to improve performance. In N. Schmitt (Series Ed.) & R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski & R. K. Kanfer (Vol. Eds.), The organizational frontier series: Vol. 16. Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 295–330). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

External links[link]

• Mirrored emotion from the University of Chicago Magazine.
• You remind me of me in the New York Times.
• Albert Bandura
• BoBo doll experiment
• Amygdala (brain)
• Bobo Doll
• Attunement, imputation, and the scope of embodied simulation, Alvin Goldman

Medal record
Competitor for  United States
Women's Grappling
World Championships
Silver	2008 Lucerne	-72 kg (No-Gi)

Miesha Tate (pronounced /ˈmiːʃə/; born August 18, 1986) is a professional mixed martial artist. She is the former Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion and the current Freestyle Cage Fighting Women's Bantamweight Champion. She has also competed and won a silver medal in the FILA Grappling Championships.^[2]

Tate is currently the #6-ranked pound-for-pound female MMA fighter in the world by MMARising.com^[3] and the #3-ranked 135-pound female fighter according to the Unified Women's MMA Rankings.^[4]

Early life[link]

Tate wrestled on the boys' wrestling team in high school. In 2005, she won the high school women's state championship and went on to win nationals at the World Team Trials in the 158 lb division.^[2]

While attending Central Washington University Miesha's colleague, Rosalia Watson, encouraged her to attend the mixed martial arts club with her. Soon after attending, Tate officially joined the mixed martial arts sport club at Central Washington University that was run by her current boyfriend and trainer, Bryan Caraway.^[5] She amassed a 5-1 amateur record in MMA before turning pro.

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Tate debuted in mixed martial arts in 2007 at the one-night HOOKnSHOOT Women's Grand Prix. She defeated Jan Finney in the opening round, but was knocked out later in the night by a head kick from eventual tournament champion Kaitlin Young.

On June 27, 2008, Tate faced Cung Le protégé Elaina Maxwell at Strikeforce: Melendez vs. Thomson.^[6] Tate moved up in weight for the fight and defeated Maxwell by Unanimous Decision.^[7]

Tate won three more times and captured the FCF Women's Bantamweight Championship by defeating Liz Carreiro at Freestyle Cage Fighting on April 4, 2009.^[8]

She returned to Strikeforce at Strikeforce Challengers: Evangelista vs. Aina on May 15, 2009. Tate was originally scheduled to face Kim Couture, but Couture withdrew from the fight due to undisclosed reasons and Tate was matched up against undefeated Canadian Sarah Kaufman instead.^[9] In a competitive fight, Tate was defeated by Unanimous Decision, but it marked the first time that Kaufman had gone to a decision.^[10]

Tate knocked out Sarah Oriza eight seconds into the second round at a CageSport MMA event on October 3, 2009.^[11]

She successfully defended her FCF title by defeating Valerie Coolbaugh in the first round by armbar at FCF 38 on January 16, 2010.^[12]

Tate faced Zoila Gurgel at Strikeforce Challengers: Johnson vs. Mahe on March 26, 2010.^[2] Tate won the fight by armbar submission in the second round.^[13]

Tate is scheduled to be part of the one-night Strikeforce 135-pound women's tournament on August 13, 2010 at Strikeforce Challengers: Riggs vs. Taylor.^[14] A random drawing was held on the day of the weigh-ins to determine first-round matchups^[15] and Tate faced Maiju Kujala in the opening round of the tournament.^[16]

Tate defeated Kujala by unanimous decision after two rounds to advance to the tournament final. She then defeated Hitomi Akano by unanimous decision after three rounds to become Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Tournament Champion.^[17]

Tate was scheduled to challenge Marloes Coenen for the Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Championship on March 5, 2011, but withdrew from the fight after suffering a knee injury in training.^[18]

In order to unify all weight classes, Zuffa changed the title held by Marloes Coenen from Welterweight to Bantamweight prior to the fight taking place. Tate's fight with Marloes Coenen for the Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Championship was rescheduled for Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson on July 30, 2011. Tate defeated Coenen via submission (arm-triangle choke) to become the new Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion. “I think I’m not in reality quite yet,” Tate said shortly after winning the women’s bantamweight title. “I can’t believe that I have a belt to take home with me. I really had to dig deep those last couple rounds. Like I said, I had a tough end to my training camp, but I just feel like I went out there and I did what I needed to do and I won the fight and I’m world champion.”^[19]

Tate's first defense of her Strikeforce title was against Ronda Rousey on March 3, 2012 in Columbus, Ohio.^[20] The fight served as the main event of Strikeforce: Tate vs. Rousey.^[21] She lost the fight via submission in the first round due to an armbar after appearing to dislocate her elbow.^[22]

Personal life[link]

Tate is dating fellow Team Alpha Male fighter Bryan Caraway.^[5]

Film[link]

Tate is featured in the mixed martial arts documentary Fight Life, set for release in the summer of 2011. The film is directed by indie filmmaker James Z. Feng and produced by RiLL Films.^[23]

Championships and accomplishments[link]

Mixed martial arts[link]

• Strikeforce
  • Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Championship (One time)
  • Strikeforce 2010 Women's Bantamweight Tournament Winner

• Freestyle Cage Fighting
  • FCF Women's Bantamweight Championship (One time)

• HOOKnSHOOT
  • BodogFIGHT 2007 Women's Bantamweight Tournament Semifinalist

• World MMA Awards
  • 2011 Female Fighter of the Year

• Women's MMA Awards
  • 2011 Submission of the Year vs. Marloes Coenen on July 30
  • 2010 Female Fighter of the Year
  • 2010 Female Bantamweight of the Year
  • 2009 Submission of the Year vs. Lizbeth Carreiro on July 4

• ESPN
  • 2011 Submission of the Month vs. Marloes Coenen on July 30

Submission grappling[link]

• International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles
  • 2008 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior Women' No-Gi Silver Medalist

• USA Wrestling
  • FILA World Team Trials Senior Women's No-Gi Runner-up (2009)
  • FILA World Team Trials Senior Women's Gi Winner (2008)

Amateur wrestling[link]

• Washington Interscholastic Activities Association
  • WIAA Girls High School State Championship (2005)
  • WIAA Girls All-State (2005)

Mixed martial arts record[link]

See also[link]

• List of female mixed martial artists

References[link]

External links[link]

• Professional MMA record for Miesha Tate from Sherdog

Gary Busey
Busey at CUN2008 Oscar party
Born	William Gary Busey (1944-06-29) June 29, 1944 (age 67) Goose Creek, Texas, U.S.
Nationality	American
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1968–present
Spouse	Tiani Warden (1996–2001; divorced) Judy Helkenberg (1968–90; divorced)

William Gary Busey^[1] (born June 29, 1944) is an American film and stage actor, and artist. He has appeared in a large variety of films, as well as making regular appearances on Gunsmoke, Walker, Texas Ranger, Law & Order, and Entourage. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in 1978 for his role in The Buddy Holly Story.

Early life[link]

Busey was born William Gareth Jacob Busey in Goose Creek (now Baytown), Texas, the son of Sadie Virginia (née Arnett), a homemaker, and Delmer Lloyd Busey, a construction design manager.^[2] He graduated from Nathan Hale High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1962. While attending Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg (located in southeastern Kansas) on a football scholarship, he became interested in acting.^[3] He then transferred to Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, where he quit school just one class short of graduation.

Career[link]

Busey began his show-business career as a drummer in The Rubber Band.^{[citation needed]} He appears on several Leon Russell recordings, credited as playing drums under the names "Teddy Jack Eddy"^[4] and "Sprunk",^{[citation needed]} a character he created when he was a cast member of a local television comedy show in Tulsa, Oklahoma, called The Uncanny Film Festival and Camp Meeting^[4] on station KTUL (which starred fellow Tulsan Gailard Sartain as "Dr. Mazeppa Pompazoidi"). For his skits on Uncanny Film Festival, Busey drew on his American Hero, belligerent, know-it-all character. When he told Gailard Sartain his characer needed a name, Sartain replied, "Take three: Teddy, Jack and Eddy."^[4]

He played in a band called Carp, which released one album on Epic Records in 1969.^[5] Busey continued to play several small roles in both film and television during the 1970s. In 1975, as the character "Harvey Daley," he was the last person killed on the series Gunsmoke (in the antepenultimate episode, No. 633 – "The Busters").

In 1976 he was hired by Barbra Streisand and her producer-boyfriend Jon Peters to play Bobby Ritchie, road manager to Kris Kristofferson's character in the remake film A Star is Born. On the DVD commentary of the film, Streisand says Busey was great and that she had seen him on a TV series and thought he had the right qualities to play the role.

In 1978, he starred as Buddy Holly in The Buddy Holly Story with Sartain as The Big Bopper. The movie earned Busey an Academy Award nomination and the National Society of Film Critics' Best Actor award. In the film, he changes the lyrics to the song "Well All Right" and sings, "We're gonna love Teddy Jack..." a reference to his Teddy Jack Eddy persona.^{[citation needed]} In the same year he also starred in the surfing movie Big Wednesday.

In the 1980s, Busey's roles included Silver Bullet, Barbarosa, Insignificance and Lethal Weapon. In the movie D.C. Cab, Busey portrayed the character Dell. At one point, Dell is singing along with a cassette recording of Busey singing the song "Why Baby Why" (which Busey recorded, but still remains unreleased).^[6] In the 1990s, he appeared in Predator 2, Rookie of the Year, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Under Siege, The Firm, Lost Highway, Point Break and Black Sheep.

Busey sang the song "Stay All Night" on Saturday Night Live in March 1979, Episode 14, Season 4, and on the Late Show with David Letterman in the 1990s.^{[citation needed]}

In 2002, Busey voiced the character Phil Cassidy in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, then again in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories in 2006.^{[citation needed]} He also voiced himself on a 2005 episode of The Simpsons, narrating an informational video about restraining orders.^[7]

Busey appeared in the 2006 Turkish nationalist film Valley of the Wolves: Iraq, (Kurtlar Vadisi: Irak, in Turkish). The film, accused of fascism, anti-Americanism^[8] and anti-Semitism,^[9] tells the story of the U.S. Army run amok in Iraq and brought into check by a Turkish soldier; Busey plays a Jewish-American Army doctor who harvests fresh organs from injured Iraqi prisoners to sell to rich patients in New York City, London and Tel Aviv.

Busey in Kazakhstan, 2007.

In 2007, he appeared as himself on HBO's Entourage. Producers at HBO asked^{[citation needed]} Busey to play a "character" on the show who was the self-named actor who is also a famous painter and sculptor.

In 2008, he joined the second season of the reality show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew. Per his contract and VH1's press release, he was to be part of the mentoring team and not a patient.^[10] Drew Pinsky has expressed a different opinion, saying that he can help by being in group meetings with others and is not part of the staff, but part of the patients of this second season. Busey returned to reality television in Celebrity Apprentice 4, which premiered in March 2011.^[11]

In a series of 2010 YouTube advertisements for Vitamin Water, Busey appears as Norman Tugwater, a lawyer who defends professional athletes' entitlements to a cut from Fantasy Football team owners.^[12]

The following year, a whirlwind of rumors flew around Hollywood that Busey had been fired from horror movie Mansion of Blood from Elusive Entertainment. Rather, according to Busey's publicist, Michael Conley, Busey stars as Zacharia in the indy film from Elusive Entertainment. In fact, Conley says, "The Producers were so happy with Gary's performance that they even called a "press conference" arranged by the movie's unit publicist, Liz Rodriguez, held by her and the "Mansion" producer team from historical Hollywood & Highland to officially exonerate Gary of any allegations that he had been fired and praised Gary's performance in the upcoming movie."^[13]

Personal life[link]

Busey in September 2007

Family[link]

In 1971, Busey's wife Judy Helkenberg gave birth to their son, William Jacob "Jake" Busey. Busey and Judy divorced when Jake was nineteen.

Busey has a daughter named Alectra from a previous relationship.^[14]

On December 9, 2009, it was announced that Gary Busey and girlfriend Steffanie Sampson were expecting their first child in May 2010. On February 23, 2010, their son Luke Sampson Busey was born.^[15]

Religion[link]

Media reports claimed that Busey is a Christian and active minister in Promise Keepers.^[16] Promise Keepers says that this is incorrect, that it was never contacted for verification of this false claim, and stated on its website that "There is a story circulating through the media that Gary Busey is a minister at Promise Keepers... This is false." (It was later discovered that the incorrect report came from a spoof in the satirical website The Onion.)^[17]

Motorcycle accident and brain damage[link]

On December 4, 1988, Busey was severely injured in a motorcycle accident in which he was not wearing a helmet. His skull was fractured, and doctors feared he suffered permanent brain damage.^[18]

At the recommendation of Dr. Drew Pinsky, Busey was seen by psychiatrist Dr. Charles Sophy. Sophy suspected that Busey's brain injury has had a greater effect on him than realized. He described it as essentially weakening his mental "filters" and causing him to speak and act impulsively. Sophy recommended Busey take a medication called Depakote (valproic acid), to which Busey agreed.^[19]

Legal issues[link]

In May 1995, Busey was arrested for cocaine possession after being hospitalized for an overdose of cocaine and GHB.^[20]

On August 20, 1997, Busey was accused of pushing a stewardess who bumped him on a flight to Las Vegas. Upon the flight's landing, he was questioned by police, but no charges were filed.^[20]

On January 25, 1999, Busey was arrested after a fight with his wife. He was released on bail.^[20]

On December 2, 2001, Busey was again arrested for spousal abuse after his ex-wife Tiani Warden called authorities, complaining he left her bruised. Busey was released on $50,000 bail.^[20]

On September 7, 2004, Busey's landlord filed a lawsuit to evict him because Busey had refused to pay his rent for about three months.^[20]

On Sep 23, 2004, Busey was arrested for showing up late to a spousal support court hearing. His lawyer bailed him out two-and-a-half hours later.^[20]

In February 2012, Busey filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, with reported liabilities of $500,000 to $1,000,000.^[21]

Filmography[link]

• Angels Hard as They Come (1971)
• The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972)
• Dirty Little Billy (1972)
• Lolly-Madonna XXX (1973)
• Hex (1973)
• Blood Sport (1973)
• The Execution of Private Slovik (1974)
• The Last American Hero (1973)
• Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974)
• The Law (1974)
• A Star Is Born (1976)
• The Gumball Rally (1976)
• The Buddy Holly Story (1978)
• Straight Time (1978)
• Big Wednesday (1978)
• Carny (1980)
• Foolin' Around (1980)
• Barbarosa (1982)
• Didn't You Hear... (1983)
• D.C. Cab (1983)
• The Bear (1984)
• Insignificance (1985)
• Silver Bullet (1985)
• Half a Lifetime (1986)
• Eye of the Tiger (1986)
• Let's Get Harry (1986)
• Lethal Weapon (1987)
• Bulletproof (1988)
• A Dangerous Life (1988)
• The Neon Empire (1989)
• Hider in the House (1989)
• Act of Piracy (1990)
• Predator 2 (1990)
• Point Break (1991)
• My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys (1991)
• Wild Texas Wind (1991)
• Canvas (1992)
• Chrome Soldiers (1992)
• Under Siege (1992)
• Breaking Point (1993)
• The Firm (1993)
• Rookie of the Year (1993)
• South Beach (1993)
• Warriors (1994)
• Surviving the Game (1994)
• Drop Zone (1994)
• Chasers (1994)
• Man with a Gun (1995)
• Steel Sharks (1996)
• One Clean Move (1996)
• Livers Ain't Cheap (1996) (a.k.a. The Real Thing)
• Black Sheep (1996)
• Carried Away (1996)
• Sticks & Stones (1996)
• The Chain (1996)
• Suspicious Minds (1997)
• The Rage (1997)
• Lost Highway (1997)
• Lethal Tender (1997)
• Plato's Run (1997)
• Rough Riders (1997)
• Rough Draft (1998) (a.k.a. Diary of a Serial Killer)
• Soldier (1998)
• Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
• Universal Soldier II: Brothers in Arms (1998)
• Detour (1998) (a.k.a. Too Hard to Die)
• Hot Boyz (1999)
• The Girl Next Door (1999)
• No Tomorrow (1999)
• Two Shades of Blue (1999)
• Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang (1999)
• A Crack in the Floor (2000)
• Tribulation (2000)
• Glory Glory (2000) (a.k.a. Hooded Angels)
• Inside The Metal Box (2000)
• Down 'n Dirty (2000)
• G-Men from Hell (2000)
• Frost: Portrait of a Vampire (2001)
• On the Edge (2002)
• Welcome 2 Ibiza (2002)
• Sam & Janet (2002)
• Slap Shot 2: Breaking the Ice (2002)
• The Prize Fighter (2003)
• Scorched (2003)
• Shadowlands (2003)
• Shade of Pale (2004)
• Motocross Kids (2004)
• Lexie (2004)
• El Padrino (2004)
• Border Blues (2004)
• Latin Dragon (2004)
• Ghost Rock (2004)
• American Dictators: Documenting the Staged Election of 2004 (2004)
• The Hand Job (2005)
• Souled Out (2005)
• No Rules (2005)
• Chasing Ghosts (2005)
• The Baker's Dozen (2005)
• Into the West (2005)
• Buckaroo: The Movie (2005)
• A Sight for Sore Eyes (2005)
• The Gingerdead Man (2005)
• The Hard Easy (2005)
• Descansos (2006)
• Valley of the Wolves Iraq (2006)
• Dr. Dolittle 3 (2006) (voice)
• Shut Up and Shoot! (2006)
• Buy the Ticket, Take the Ride (2006)
• Soft Target (2006) (a.k.a. Crooked)
• Quigley (2006)
• Lady Samurai (2007)
• Homo Erectus (2007) (a.k.a. National Lampoon's The Stoned Age)
• Blizhniy Boy: The Ultimate Fighter (2007)
• Succubus: Hell Bent (2007)
• Maneater (2007)
• Beyond the Ring (2008)
• Nite Tales: The Movie (2008)
• Hallettsville (2009)
• Down and Distance (2009)
• DaZe: Vol. Too (sic) – NonSeNse (2009)
• Piranha 3DD (2012)
• Matt's Chance (2012)

Television[link]

• Kung Fu (Season 1, Episode 15 ("The Ancient Warrior")) (1973)
• Gunsmoke (1975)
• The Texas Wheelers (ABC-TV 8-episode sitcom, 1974–75)
• Saturday Night Live (1979) (himself – host)
• Hawaii Five-O (1997 unaired pilot)
• Walker, Texas Ranger (1999)
• The Outer Limits (2000), Episode: "Revival"
• Law & Order (2001)
• King of the Hill (2001) (voice)
• Entourage ("Busey and the Beach", Season 1, Episode 6; "The Boys Are Back In Town", Season 2, Episode 1; "Gary's Desk", Season 4, Episode 8) (2004, 2005, 2007) (as himself)
• The Man Show (2002) (as himself)
• I'm with Busey (Comedy Central, 2003) (as himself)
• Penn & Teller: Bullshit! ("12 Stepping", 2004) (as himself)
• High Chaparall (2004) (as himself)
• The Simpsons (On a Clear Day I Can't See My Sister, season 16, episode 11) (2005) (as himself)
• Celebrity Fit Club 2 (VH1, 2005) (as himself)
• Esenin (2005, Russia) (Zinger, Isedora Dunkan's ex-husbund )
• Tom Goes to the Mayor (2006) (voice)
• Scrubs ("My Missed Perception", 2006) (as Gary Busey look-a-like)
• Celebrity Paranormal Project (VH1, 2006) (as himself)
• The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest... (truTV, 2008) (as himself)
• The Cho Show (VH1, 2008) (as himself)
• Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew (VH1, 2008) (as himself)
• The Comedy Central Roast of Larry the Cable Guy (Comedy Central, 2009) (as himself)
• Conan (TBS, 2010) (as himself)
• Celebrity Apprentice (2011) (as himself)
• Two and a Half Men (Season 9, Episode 9 ("Frodo's Headshots")) (2011) (as himself)^[22]

Video games[link]

• Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (voice) (2002)
• Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (voice) (2006)
• Saints Row 2 (voice) (2008)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gary Busey

• Gary Busey at the Internet Movie Database
• Gary Busey at AllRovi

Chris Weidman
Born	(1984-06-17) June 17, 1984 (age 28) Baldwin, New York, United States
Other names	All American
Nationality	American
Height	6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight	186 lb (84 kg; 13.3 st)
Division	Middleweight
Reach	76.0 in (193 cm)
Fighting out of	Garden City, New York
Team	Serra-Longo Fight Team
Trainer	Jiu-Jitsu Coach: Matt Serra Striking Coach: Ray Longo
Rank	NCAA Division I Wrestling purple belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
Years active	2009-Present
Mixed martial arts record
Total	8
Wins	8
By knockout	2
By submission	3
By decision	3
Losses	0
University	Hofstra University Nassau Community College
Notable school(s)	Baldwin Senior High School
Website	http://chrisweidman.com/
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog

Chris Weidman (born June 17, 1984) is an American mixed martial artist and former collegiate wrestler. He is currently signed as a Middleweight with the UFC. Weidman attended Baldwin high school on Long Island where he was a Nassau County and New York State wrestling Champion. Weidman earned All-American wrestling honors at NCC before transferring to Hofstra where he became a Two-Time Division I All-American, placing 3rd at the NCAA tournament his senior year. Weidman graduated from Hofstra University with a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology.^[1]

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Weidman trains and competes as part of the Serra-Longo Fight Team under the tutelage of Ray Longo and Matt Serra;^[2] Weidman currently competes in the middleweight division. In just his 3rd fight, Weidman fought a highly touted Uriah Hall for the Ring of Combat middleweight title in what was billed as a striker vs wrestler matchup; Weidman showed his striking prowess by knocking Hall out in dramatic fashion.^[2] Weidman qualified for and competed at the 2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship (with just 1 year of formal Jiu-Jitsu training) in Barcelona^[3] where he lost to world renowned Jiu-Jitsu practitioner André Galvão.^[2] As of 2010, multiple MMA ranking panels had Weidman ranked as high as the #1 ranked prospect in the world at 185 lbs.^[4] Weidman was also listed as the number one prospect in all of MMA in the 2011 Top 50 Prospects piece put out by MMARanked.com^[5]

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

Weidman made his UFC debut against Alessio Sakara on March 3, 2011, at UFC Live: Sanchez vs. Kampmann, replacing an injured Rafael Natal.^[6] Weidman, who took the fight on two weeks' notice, won a unanimous decision, scoring a decisive 30–27 on all three judges' scorecards.^[7]

Weidman faced Jesse Bongfeldt on June 11, 2011 at UFC 131, replacing an injured Court McGee.^[8] Weidman defeated Bongfeldt via first round standing guillotine choke,^[9] earning Submission of the Night honors.^[10]

Weidman next faced Tom Lawlor on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139. He won the fight via submission in the first round.^[11]

Weidman defeated Demian Maia via unanimous decision on January 28, 2012 at UFC on Fox 2.^[12] He replaced Michael Bisping on just eleven days notice after Mark Muñoz was forced out of his fight with Chael Sonnen. Bisping was chosen to take Munoz's place in the co-main event.^[13]

Weidman is expected to face Mark Muñoz on July 11, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman.^[14]

[edit] Collegiate wrestling

• National Collegiate Athletic Association
  • NCAA Division I 197 lb - 6th place out of Hofstra University (2006)^[15]
  • NCAA Division I 197 lb - 3rd place out of Hofstra University (2007)^[15]
  • Two-time All-American Division I NCAA wrestler
• National Junior College Athletic Association
  • Two-time All-American NJCAA wrestler

[edit] Mixed martial arts

• Ultimate Fighting Championship
  • Submission of the Night (One time)
• Ring of Combat
  • Ring of Combat Middleweight Championship (One time)

Mixed martial arts record[link]

See also[link]

• List of current UFC fighters
• List of male mixed martial artists

References[link]

External links[link]

• Professional MMA record for Chris Weidman from Sherdog
• Chris Weidman UFC profile
• Chris Weidman Official Site
• Chris Weidman hits the big time at Newsday.com
• Chris Weidman profile at the National Wrestling Hall of Fame

Anthony Pettis
Anthony "Showtime" Pettis
Born	(1987-01-27) January 27, 1987 (age 25) Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Other names	Showtime
Nationality	American
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Weight	154.5 lb (70 kg; 11 st 1 lb)
Division	Lightweight (155 lb)
Reach	72 in (183 cm)
Style	Taekwondo, Muay Thai, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
Fighting out of	Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Team	Roufusport
Rank	3rd degree black belt in Taekwondo      purple belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
Years active	2007 - present
Mixed martial arts record
Total	17
Wins	15
By knockout	6
By submission	6
By decision	3
Losses	2
By decision	2
Amateur career
Total	1
Wins	1
By submission	1
Other information
Website	Official UFC Profile
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog

Anthony Pettis (born January 27, 1987) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division and is currently signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, Pettis has made a name for himself mainly fighting in his home state of Wisconsin. He is a former fighter for the World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), where he was the last WEC Lightweight Champion before merging the promotion into the UFC.

Early life[link]

Born to Eugene Pettis Jr. and Annette Garcia, Anthony Pettis grew up in the south side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin along with his older brother Ray Pettis and younger brother Sergio "Lil' Showtime" Pettis.^[1] Pettis is of Mexican and Puerto Rican ancestry, his grandfather Anglicized the family name from Perez to Pettis, to avoid discrimination. Pettis attended Dominican High School.^[2][3]

Career[link]

Anthony "Showtime" Pettis made his professional MMA debut in December 2007. He compiled an undefeated record of 8-0 in shows all based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin before debuting with the WEC. Pettis also has a professional kickboxing background.

Pettis is coached by legendary Kickboxer and MMA trainer Duke Roufus and is a member of Roufusport where he trains with fighters Alan Belcher, Erik Koch, Ben Rothwell, Ben Askren and Danny Downes.^[4]

World Extreme Cagefighting[link]

Pettis made his WEC debut at WEC 41, where he defeated Mike Campbell via triangle choke.

He was then expected to fight Rob McCullough at WEC 44 on November 18, 2009, but was pulled off the card with an undisclosed injury.^[5]

Pettis suffered his first professional loss on December 19, 2009 at WEC 45, dropping a close, decision to Bart Palaszewski.^[6]

Pettis rebounded from the loss with a victory over Danny Castillo on March 6, 2010 at WEC 47, earning Knockout of the Night.^[7] Training for the fight, as well as Pettis' family life, were both documented on an episode of the MTV show, World of Jenks.^[1]

Pettis suffered virtually no damage in the bout with Castillo and made a quick return at WEC 48 against Alex Karalexis.^[8] He won the fight via submission in the second round.

Pettis faced Shane Roller on August 18, 2010 at WEC 50.^[9] Pettis surprised many by taking down Roller multiple times and frustrating him with fast paced scrambles. Pettis displayed a diversity of striking not seen in professional mixed martial arts competition, namely two Capoeira kicks. The martelo as well as the aú batido.^[10][11][12] After several submission attempts, Pettis finally secured a fight ending triangle choke in the closing moments of the fight, earning a Submission of the Night bonus.

His last WEC fight came against Ben Henderson on December 16, 2010 at WEC 53 for the WEC Lightweight Championship.^[13] The fight was closely contested throughout, providing back and forth action, both standing and on the ground. In the fifth round, Pettis combined Parkour with a Savate Fouette to create what is now called the Showtime Kick by springing off of the cage with his right foot, making a shearing movement with his left leg, then kicking Henderson in the face with his right foot.^[14][15] Pettis won the fight via unanimous decision (48-47, 49-46, 48-47) to become the final WEC Lightweight Champion. The fight was also awarded as Fight of the Night which won Henderson and Pettis an extra $10,000.^[16]

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

In October 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, a majority of the WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC.^[17]

Pettis was expected to face the winner of Frankie Edgar and Gray Maynard, which took place at UFC 125.^[18] However, the bout was declared a draw, and Edgar/Maynard 3 was scheduled for UFC 130, but both fighters received sustained injuries before the fight, which was postponed.^[19]

Instead of waiting for the winner of Edgar/Maynard 3, Pettis faced Clay Guida on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale.^[20] Despite repeatedly getting taken down by Guida, Pettis showed good defense off his back, controlling Guida's wrists and making multiple submission attempts, while taking little damage, even securing Guida's back but Guida was able to escape and in return secured Pettis's back to end the third round ultimately giving Guida the victory via unanimous decision.^[21][22]

Pettis defeated Jeremy Stephens via split decision on October 8, 2011 at UFC 136 in a closely contested bout. Pettis used superior wrestling which was showcased in round 2, where he was able to take Stephens down three times.^[23]

Pettis faced Joe Lauzon on February 25, 2012 at UFC 144.^[24] He won the fight via first round KO, with a head kick followed by punches. His performance earned Knockout of the Night honors.

Showtime Sports Bar[link]

Along with Duke Roufus, Pettis owns the Showtime Sports Bar in Milwaukee.^[25][26]