Pharaoh

Pharaoh (/ˈfeɪ.roʊ/, /fɛr.oʊ/ or /fær.oʊ/) is the common title of the Kings of Ancient Egypt until the Macedonian conquest.

Etymology

The word pharaoh ultimately was derived from a compound word represented as pr-3, written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ꜥꜣ "column". It was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-aa 'Courtier of the High House', with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace. From the twelfth dynasty onward, the word appears in a wish formula 'Great House, may it live, prosper, and be in health', but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person.

During the reign of Thutmose III (circa 1479–1425 BC) in the New Kingdom, after the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, pharaoh became the form of address for a person who was king.

The earliest instance where pr-aa is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned circa 1353–1336 BC, which is addressed to 'Pharaoh, all life, prosperity, and health!. During the eighteenth dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BC) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (10th century BC), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BC) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.

Pharaohs in the Bible

The Tanakh or Old Testament of the Bible makes reference to various pharaohs (kings of Egypt). These include unnamed pharaohs in the accounts of the Israelite settlement in Egypt, the subsequent oppression of the Israelites, and during the period of the Exodus, as well as a number of later rulers.

Historical pharaohs: Taharqa, Necho and Apries/Hophra

2 Kings 19:9 and Isaiah 37:9 mention the 25th dynasty pharaoh Taharqa (reigned 690-664 BC) as the opponent of Sennacherib of Assyria. He is called King of Ethiopia, and hence is not given the title pharaoh which he bears in Egyptian documents.

2 Kings 23:29 sqq. and 2 Chronicles 35:20 sqq. mention the 26th dynasty pharaoh Necho II (610-595 BC), responsible for the death of Josiah, and Jeremiah 44:30 mentions his successor Apries or Hophra (589-570 BC).

Conjectural pharaohs: Shishak and So

1 Kings 11:40 and 2 Chronicles 12:2 sqq. tell of an invasion of Israel by Shishak, and a subsequent raid of Jerusalem and the Temple of Solomon.

Pharoah (album)

Pharoah is an album led by saxophonist Pharoah Sanders recorded in 1976 and released on the India Navigation label.

Reception

In his review for AllMusic, John Bush observed "Pharoah Sanders album for the India Navigation label was known alternately as Pharaoh or Harvest Time, sees his vision of the jazz group -- a sonic melange approximating nirvana -- beginning to drift into watery new age muzak. ...Clearly, Pharoah Sanders was losing his way a full ten years after the death of John Coltrane".JazzTimes writer Bill Shoemaker observed "he meanders through Pharoah, sprinkling snippets of melody and soulful utterance like lotus petals. The 20-minute float on a two-chord vamp is one thing, but a vocal number that sounds like a Santana reject, and a finale with the panache of a psychedelic-era rock opus, are just too much".

Track listing

All compositions by Pharaoh Sanders

Personnel

Powell

Powell may refer to:

Companies

Places

Powell (surname)

Powell is a traditional Welsh surname. It is sometimes said to mean "Son of the Servant of St. Paul", but is more likely to be a patronymic from the Welsh first name Howel. The Old Celtic term "ap" means "son of", hence ap Howel was eventually spelled as Powell. At the time of the British Census of 1881, the frequency of the surname Powell was highest in Brecknockshire (21.9 times the British average), followed by Radnorshire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Shropshire, Glamorgan, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.

Deceased

Powell (crater)

Powell is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley. Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt landed less than 1 km northeast of it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission, but they did not visit it.

To the north of Powell is Trident and the landing site. To the northwest are Camelot and Horatio, and to the northeast is Sherlock. Steno and Emory are to the southeast.

The crater was named by the astronauts after John Wesley Powell, geologist and explorer of the American West.

References

External links