Monument to Loynaz in Puerto de la Cruz

(1902-1997) Daughter of the famous General Enrique Loynaz del Castillo, a hero of the Cuban Liberation Army and author of Cuban National Anthem lyrics; and sister of poet Enrique Loynaz Muñoz. Dulce María was born in Havana City, on December 10, 1902, in a family of great sensibility towards artistic and cultural manifestations and deep patriotic feelings, home schooled, she grew up in a familiar environment highly propitious for poetry.

Biography[link]

Although Dulce María lived a sheltered life during her childhood, in her early adulthood her life was much more adventurous, including experiences available at that time only to wealthy young women, even outside of Cuba. She published a number of poems in her teens and twenties. She completed the Doctorate of Civil Law at the University of Havana in 1927, although she practiced law rarely. She was able to travel widely. In addition, her talents and her family’s social position brought her into personal contact with some of the major Spanish-language authors of the century, including ill-fated Spanish author Federico García Lorca and Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (Mistral won the Nobel Prize in 1945), Cuban author Alejo Carpentier and the Spanish writer Juan Ramón Jiménez, who won the Nobel Prize.

She published her first poems in La Nación, on 1920. Around those years, she travelled to North American, Europe and some other countries highlighting, Turkey, Syria, Libya, Palestine and Egypt (1929), Mexico (1937), South America (1946-1947) and Canarias Islands (1947-1951) where she was declared adoptive daughter. She achieved her Doctorade in Civil Law at Havana University. She was a practicing lawyer even though she disliked it, but stopped practicing in 1961.

In 1950, she published weekly chronics at different publications of the epoch such as El País, Excélsior, Social, Grafos, Diario de la Marina, El Mundo, Revista Cubana, Revista Bimestre Cubana and Orígenes. In 1953, she attended, as guest of Salamanca University, to V anniversary celebration of Catholic King and Queen's birth.

Her book Poemas sin nombre (Untitled Poems) was translated to Italian on 1955. She offered conferences and readings, not only in Cuba but also in Spain and Latin America. She was elected as member of Arts and Literature National Academy on 1951, of the Cuban Academy of Language on 1959 and the Spanish Real Academy of Language on 1968.

Real academy of Spanish Language nominated her to Miguel de Cervantes Prize in 1984. In 1985, Poesías Escogidas (Selected Poems) was published in Havana and her poems book Bestiarium (written before 1959). During these years, she gave conferences, speeches, received prizes and condecorations and was bestowed for different Cuban cultural institutions.

The sobriety of her lyric expression, her exquisite handling of language and master use of Castilian Language were the main reasons to take into account to confer her The King Alphonse the Wise Order (Spain) and on November 5, 1992, the Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra Literature Prize, honorable distinction she received in Spain in 1993 from King Juan Carlos I's hands. This is considered like the Nobel prize in the world of the Spanish Literature.

In 1959 she voluntarily stopped writing and publishing in Cuba. In a situation such as the Cuba of the past 40 years, it is not surprising that a person as private in temperament as Dulce María Loynaz would seclude herself, or that her public statements have always been extremely discreet, patriotic and yet non-political. More perplexing is the fact that, according to all her closest friends, she entirely stopped writing poetry when the Revolution triumphed in 1959. Although her work was characterized by so many of her friends as a private vocation, perhaps the total disappearance of the social world which fostered it, silenced her.

The discovery of her work by a large and enthusiastic audience in her home country when she was in her 80’s, really for the first time and after more than 25 years of internal exile, must have been like the return of the dove in her poem, “Noah,” carrying the green branch that signifies a safe harbor. Fe de vida (Life's Faith) her last work, saw the light on 1993, while celebrating in Pinar del Río, the First Ibero American Meeting about her work and life. Furthermore, some texts from her delicate creation have been musicalized by different singers/writers.

She received several awards among them: National Order Orden Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Order Félix Varela of the Culture, National Culture Distinctive Award, and the Alejo Carpentier Medal (Cuba). She was awarded the Cuban National Award of Literature (1987).

Dulce María Loynaz died in 1997 and was interred in the Colon Cemetery, Havana.

Some of her published work includes[link]

Versos (Verses). Madrid,1950.
Poemas sin nombre (Nameless Poems). Aguilar.
Bestiarium (Bestiary). Poems
Poemas naúfragos (Shipwrecked poems). Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1991.
Jardín (Garden). Lyric novel. Aguilar, Madrid, 1951.
Un verano en Tenerife (A summer in Tenerife). Memoir. Aguilar, Madrid, 1958.
Carta de Amor al Rey Tut-Ank-Amen (Love Letter to King Tutankhamen).
Poems Without Name. Bilingual: English translations by Harriet de Onís. Editorial José Martí, 1993.
A woman in her garden : selected poems of Dulce Maria Loynaz. Dulce María Loynaz; Judith Kerman, 2002.

Further reading[link]

English

• Modern Spanish American poets. First series / María Antonia Salgado., 2003
• A place in the sun? : women writers in Twentieth-century Cuba / Catherine Davies., 1997
• Tropics of history : Cuba imagined / Alan West., 1997
• Feminist readings on Spanish and Latin-American literature / Lisa P Condé., 1991

Spanish

• La música del agua : poesía y referencia en la obra de Dulce María Loynaz / María Lucía Puppo., 2006
• Contra el silencio : otra lectura de la obra de Dulce María Loynaz / Zaida Capote., 2005
• Jardín, Tenerife y poesía : fe de vida de Dulce María Loynaz / Virgilio López Lemus., 2005
• Dulce María Loynaz cien años después / Humberto López Cruz., 2004
• Dulce María Loynaz : estudios de la obra de una cubana universal / Virgilio López Lemus., 2000
• Escrituras poéticas de una nación : Dulce María Loynaz, Juana Rosa Pita y Carlota Caulfield / Jesús J Barquet., 1999
• Margen acuático : poesía de Dulce María Loynaz / Asunción Horno Delgado., 1998
• Un encuentro con Dulce María Loynaz / Vicente González Castro., 1994
• Homenaje a Dulce María Loynaz : obra literaria, poesía y prosa, estudios y comentarios / Ana Rosa Núñez., 1993
• Dulce María Loynaz / Pedro Simón., 1991
• Tres poetas hispanoamericanos : Dulce María Loynaz, Jaime Torres Bodet, José Martí / Alicia G R Aldaya., 1978

External links[link]

• Website about Dulce María Includes pictures, poems in English and in Spanish by Dulce María.
• Poems by Dulce María in Spanish.
• The Poets.
• Dulce

Dulce María
Background information
Birth name	Dulce María Espinoza Saviñón[1]
Born	(1985-12-06) December 6, 1985 (age 26)
Origin	Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico
Genres	Latin pop, Pop
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, actress, writer
Instruments	Guitar
Years active	1993–present
Labels	Sony BMG (2001–2002) EMI/Virgin Records (2004–2008) Universal Music Latino (2009–present)
Associated acts	1996-1999 K.I.D.S 2000-2001 Jeans 2004-2009 RBD
Website	http://www.dulcemarialive.com

Dulce María (born Dulce María Espinoza Saviñón, December 6, 1985) is a Mexican actress, singer, and songwriter. In October 2009 she signed a contract with Universal Music and recorded a solo album Extranjera, with its first part released in November 2010, and the second part in the summer of 2011.

Early life[link]

Dulce María was born on December 6, 1985 in Mexico City, Federal District.^[2] She has two sisters, Blanca and Claudia. As a child, Dulce María began doing television commercials. In 1993, at the age of 8, she was cast on Plaza Sesamo, Mexico's equivalent to Sesame Street. She also appear in various mexican commercials during her young ages, including the mexican furniture store Viana, during mother's day. She was later cast in El Club de Gaby and participated in several specials on the Mexican Discovery Kids channel.^[2] She began to work in soap operas in Televisa but she discovered her real passion when she was given the opportunity to participate in a music project.

Music career[link]

In 1996 Dulce joined the Mexican music group K.I.D.S.. They were very popular among children in Mexico and released two hit singles, La mejor de tus sonrisas and Prende el switch. In 1999, Dulce decided to leave the group due to personal reasons.^[2] After her departure from K.I.D.S., Dulce and her then boyfriend, Daniel Habif, also an ex-member of K.I.D.S., decided to start their own group called D&D. They recorded five songs, but for unknown reasons, split up.^[2] In early 2000, Dulce replaced Angie in Jeans, a female Latin pop group.^[2] She left after two years to film Clase 406.

Dulce Maria at Teleton 2011.

Dulce began acting in telenovelas and was eventually cast as one of the main characters in Rebelde. The success of Rebelde, launched RBD. To date RBD has made 9 studio albums, including albums in Spanish, Portuguese and English. They have sold over 20 million albums worldwide, and have toured across Mexico, South America, Serbia, Romania, the United States, and Spain. On August 15, 2008, RBD released a message telling fans that they had decided to split up. They went on one final tour, Gira Del Adios World Tour which ended in 2008. On November 25, 2008, Dulce collaborated with Tiziano Ferro and Anahí on a song called El Regalo Màs Grande. Following the breakup of RBD, Dulce signed with Universal Music and announced that she will begin recording in 2009 as a solo artist.^[3]

In 2009 she recorded two new songs for the novela, Verano de Amor , called Verano and ^[4] Déjame Ser, a song she co-wrote along with Carlos Lara. Dulce also collaborated with Akon, to remix his song Beautiful. They performed the song together at the 2009 radio concert, El Evento 40.

Dulce María released her first solo single on May 17, 2010,Inevitable. The music video was released on May 24 and was directed by Argentinean director Francisco d'Amorim Lima. Dulce María's solo album "Extranjera" was originally set to be released September 7, but the release date was changed due to recording of some new tracks. The album was then set to be released November 9, 2010 with her stating on Twitter @DulceMaria "We have more surprises for you guys so be patient!". The surprise was that the album was going to be divided in two: Extranjera Primera Parte, with 7 tracks, including the hit Inevitable, released on November 9, 2010 and Extranjera Segunda Parte with 7 more tracks plus a DVD with extras. On November 9, 2010, Dulce María presented her album with a showcase at the Lunario and announced her second single Ya No, which will be featured on the second part of the album set to be released in the summer of 2011. The song is a cover of the late singer Selena from the album Amor Prohibido. The song began playing on radios on November 16, 2010.

On January 14 A Preview Clip was released for Dulce's New Single Ya No showing her in 3 different outfits, and in the last scene arguing with her love interest. Dulce Maria's New Music Video Ya No was released on February 10 on her personal YouTube channel, DulceMariaLive, earlier than planned due to it being leaked.

Dulce Maria announced on her Official YouTube account, Extranjera Segunda Parte will be released on June 14, 2011

Acting career[link]

Following her success as a child star, Dulce began to star in teen-oriented telenovelas such as El Juego de la Vida and Clase 406.^[2] In Clase 406, she worked alongside Alfonso Herrera, Anahí, and Christian Chávez, who later became her bandmates in RBD In 2004, she was cast as one of the main characters in Rebelde, a Mexican remake of the hit Argentinian telenovela, Rebelde Way. Dulce played Roberta Pardo, the strong-willed daughter of a famous Mexican singer. Rebelde was a hit worldwide and had over 400 episodes, airing from 2004 until 2006. In 2006, the actress received the award TV Y Novelas, for Best Young Telenovela Actress for her work in Rebelde.^[5]

Following the success of Rebelde, in 2007, Televisa released RBD: La Familia, which starred the members of RBD. The sitcom was based on the fictional lives of the members of RBD. The characters of the sitcom were not based on the band's characters in Rebelde, but intended to be similar to the actors' real personalities. RBD: La Familia was the first Mexican series shot entirely in High Definition. The show ran from March 14, 2007 – June 13, 2007, and only had 13 episodes.

In 2009,she starred in the telenovela Verano de Amor, alongside Gonzalo Garcia Vivanco and Ari Borovoy, also produced by Pedro Damián, where she interprets the theme songs of the telenovela, Verano and Déjame Ser; Dulce was cast as Miranda.^[6] The telenovela premiered on February 9, 2009, replacing the series Juro Que Te Amo. Verano de Amor incorporates messages into the novela promoting environmental responsibility, an extension of Televisa's "Televisa Verde" initiative focused on the environment.^[7]

In 2010 she received the prize, People En Español as Best Young Actress for the telenovela Verano de Amor.^[8]

In April 2010 Dulce Maria was cast as a Lupita in a new independent film project, directed by Gonzalo Justiniano, "Alguien Ha Visto A Lupita?" (Has Anyone Seen Lupita?) starring alongside Chilean actor Cristian de la Fuente.^[9] The film aims to be released in March 2011^{[dated info]} and will be presented at film festivals at an international level.^[10] Dulce Maria was in fashion line Cklass with her ex college Maite Perroni. Interest is that that Dulce was in TV show Clase 406 with actors : Anahi,Alfonso,Christian. Almost all of leading actors at TV show REBELDE

Personal life[link]

Dulce's great aunt was the Mexican painter Frida Kahlo. Dulce's grandmother is Frida's sister.^[11] In 2007 Dulce María released Dulce Amargo, a book of poems and stories based on her life and her experiences in RBD.^[12] Dulce Maria reportedly dated Daniel Habif, ex-member of K.I.D.S. In 2002 Dulce and her fellow RBD band mate, Alfonso Herrera, had an on-again off-again relationship that lasted until late 2005.^[13][14] In 2006, Dulce dated Mexican footballer Guillermo Ochoa. The pair split after a year.^[15]

That year she was also chosen by the magazine Quién of Mexico, as one of the most beautiful 2006.^[16] In 2007, as well as in 2010 the magazine People En Español named her one of "50 Most Beautiful." ^[17][18] In 2009 Dulce and her Verano de Amor castmate, Pablo Lyle, dated. The relationship lasted 10 months.^[19] In the social support in 2009, Dulce Maria created the Foundation Dulce Amanecer to support communities of indigenous women and their children, as well as environmental protection.^[20] Also, in September 2009, the singer was chosen by Google, Save the Children and Chicos.net as representative of the Technology Yes campaign aimed at promoting the appropriate use of technology and the Internet among children and youth.^[21] In 2010 the magazine People En Español named her one of "50 Most Beautiful".^[22]in rbd'Bold text'

Filmography[link]

Discography Solo[link]

Studio EPs[link]

• 2010: Extranjera Primera Parte
• 2011: Extranjera Segunda Parte

Singles[link]

Solo career[link]

• 2009: Verano
• 2009: Déjame Ser (Promotional)
• 2010: Inevitable
• 2010: Ya No
• 2011: Ingenua

Collaborations[link]

• (2011) - See No More (with Joe Jonas)
• (2010) - Navidad Navidad (with Chino and Nacho)
• (2010) - Inevitable Remix (with J-King and Maximan)
• (2010) - Inevitable Remix (with Juan Magán)
• (2009) - "Beautiful" (with Akon)
• (2009) - El Regalo Màs Grande (with Tiziano Ferro and Anahí)

Discography With RBD[link]

Written Works[link]

• Dulce Amargo (2007)

Compositions[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dulce María

• Official Website
• Official Facebook
• Official YouTube
• Official Twitter

• Dulce María at the Internet Movie Database

Ana María (17 May 1929 – 6 April 1983) was the "nom de guerre" of Mélida Anaya Montes, the second in command of the FMLN, in El Salvador.

An intellectual, she was considered as an icon among revolutionary women in the region. Eventually she was killed by her own comrades on April 6, 1983 in Managua, Nicaragua, after having made many sacrifices during her life as a guerrilla.

Later, the FMLN falsely blamed its leader Cayetano Carpio (sometimes referred to as the "Ho Chi Minh of Latin America") as the person responsible for the crime, and he committed suicide.

Early life[link]

She was born in the small town of Santiago Texacuangos, in the central zone of El Salvador. Ana María received her Doctorate of Education from the University of El Salvador, where she became a professor of education and gave classes in the Sixties. She was the assistant director of Alberto Masferrer University.

At the end of the 1960s, she became one of the main leaders of the Gremial Association "ANDES 21 de Junio" (National Association of Salvadoran Teachers 21 of June). She led the strikes of professors of 1968 and 1971, which created major trouble for the government of general Fidel Sanchez Hernandez.

In 1970, the ex-Secretary General of the Communist Party of El Salvador, Salvador Cayetano Carpio founded the first guerrilla detachment of El Salvador: The Popular Forces of Liberacion Farabundo Martí (FPL).

Death[link]

On April 6, 1983, Ana Maria was murdered at her home in Managua, Nicaragua. Her assassins stabbed her 8 times with an ice pick, 'to make it look like a brutal act of the Salvadorean right wing.' Nicaraguan authorities later apprehended the murderers and found them to be members of the FMLN. The murder was caused by a deep division that had developed within the FMLN. A conciliatory faction, which favored negotiation, was led by Ana Maria and Salvador Cayetano Carpio. The hard line faction opposed negotiation with the government of El Salvador, and supported a prolonged war. This faction was led by Rogelio Bazzaglia, who confessed to Ana Maria's murder.

Legacy[link]

Ana María continues to serve as an iconic example for educators and those struggling against oppression, especially in El Salvador. The Melida Anaya Montes Language School in San Salvador, which uses popular education techniques highlights social justice issues, is named for her.

See also[link]

• History of El Salvador
• Comandante Clelia

External links[link]

• FMLN (in Spanish)
• Melida Anaya Montes Language School

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