Porcelain

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures.

Porcelain derives its present name from the old Italian porcellana (cowrie shell) because of its resemblance to the translucent surface of the shell. Porcelain can informally be referred to as china or fine china in some English-speaking countries, as China was the birthplace of porcelain making.Properties associated with porcelain include low permeability and elasticity; considerable strength, hardness, toughness, whiteness, translucency and resonance; and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock.

Porcelain has been described as being "completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except when of considerable thickness), and resonant." However, the term porcelain lacks a universal definition and has "been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface-qualities in common".

Porcelain (Matt Cardle album)

Porcelain is the third studio album released by English musician Matt Cardle. The album was released on 25 October 2013 in Ireland, and on 28 October in the United Kingdom. Recording locations include London, Los Angeles and New York. It is primarily written by Cardle but, as with his previous albums, he worked with various songwriters, including Connor Reeves and American R&B artist Brian McKnight. Cardle has also produced the album and played the majority of the instruments.

The lead single was a duet with Spice Girl Melanie C, called "Loving You" which was released on 18 August 2013 and reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. A second single, "When You Were My Girl", was released on 13 October 2013. The album was released on digital download and physical CD as well as a very limited number of vinyl copies available through Cardle's official website. Porcelain is Cardle's first album to be released worldwide.

The Porcelain Tour in support of the album took place over the UK and Ireland in April 2014. The album received largely positive reviews. It reached number 11 on the UK Albums Chart, number 3 in the Independent Album Chart and number 22 on the Scottish Album Chart.

Porcelain (Sparta album)

Porcelain is the second album by the band Sparta. It was released on July 13, 2004 on Geffen Records and peaked at #60 on the Billboard 200. The first single released from the album was "Breaking the Broken".

Track listing

Bonus tracks

Personnel

Slice

Slice may refer to:

Food

Sports

Mathematics

Music

Computing

Slice (Five for Fighting album)

Slice is the fifth studio album by Five for Fighting, the stage name of American recording artist John Ondrasik, released on October 13, 2009 by Aware Records and Wind-Up Records, his first album with WU. In May 2009, Ondrasik posted on his MySpace blog that the name of his forthcoming record will be taken from fan suggestions, and will be subsequently voted on to determine the winning album title.

The first single from the new album, called "Chances", was released on July 21, 2009, as a digital download. It also debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at #83 and at #12 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart on the week ending October 31, 2009. "Chances" can also be heard in the end credits of the 2009 film The Blind Side. It can also be heard in the first promotional commercial video of Idol Season 10.

Slice has sold approximately 30,000 during its stay on the Billboard 200.

On September 22, 2009, the music video for "Chances" was released on VH1.com. The music video shows the story of two teenagers falling in love, while Ondrasik narrates (sings) to the story. The video was directed by Steven Drypolcher (Beyoncé, Kanye West, Boys Like Girls) and produced by Partizan. The "Making of the Chances Music Video" is available on Amazon.com. David Campbell arranged the strings for "Chances", "Slice", and "Story".

Wafer (electronics)

A wafer, also called a slice or substrate, is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such as a crystalline silicon, used in electronics for the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaics for conventional, wafer-based solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and over the wafer and undergoes many microfabrication process steps such as doping or ion implantation, etching, deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning. Finally the individual microcircuits are separated (dicing) and packaged.

History

By 1960, silicon wafers were being manufactured in the U.S. by companies such as MEMC/SunEdison. In 1965, American engineers Eric O. Ernst, Donald J. Hurd, and Gerard Seeley, while working under IBM, filed Patent US3423629A for the first high-capacity epitaxial apparatus.

Formation

Wafers are formed of highly pure (99.9999999% purity), nearly defect-free single crystalline material. One process for forming crystalline wafers is known as Czochralski growth invented by the Polish chemist Jan Czochralski. In this process, a cylindrical ingot of high purity mono crystalline semiconductor, such as silicon or germanium, called a boule, is formed by pulling a seed crystal from a 'melt'. Donor impurity atoms, such as boron or phosphorus in the case of silicon, can be added to the molten intrinsic material in precise amounts in order to dope the crystal, thus changing it into n-type or p-type extrinsic semiconductor.