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In order to understand the
Cuban Missile Crisis, we must first look at the background to it.
China had become a
Communist country 1949, causing worry to many in the US. That same year the
USSR successfully tested a nuclear weapon.
The United States went on to develop the
Hydrogen Bomb which was far more powerful than the atomic bombs used on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In
1957 the USSR successfully test-launched an
InterContinental Ballistic Missile, capable of travelling great distances to its target.
The Korean War of 1950-53 saw the
Soviet and Chinese-backed
North invade the American-backed
South. Three years of fighting resulted in stalemate.
In
1953,
Stalin died, and was replaced by
Nikita Khrushchev. It remained to be seen whether he would prove an easier man to negotiate with than his predecessor. Although there were some signs of a desire to thaw the
Cold War, his brutal crushing of the
Hungarian Uprising and his construction of the
Berlin Wall indicated that he was determined to take a hard line
. In the United States, Senator Joe McCarthy had launched what is now widely seen as a witch hunt for Communists in the
American government and media. The
Cuban Crisis was to take place against a background of mistrust.
Cuba is a
Caribbean island, less than a hundred miles from the
US mainland. It had been ruled by the US-friendly dictator
Fulgencio Batista, and had been a popular holiday destination for wealthy
Americans. However, the wealth of the casinos contrasted with the poverty of the
Cuban people. In
1959,
Fidel Castro and
Ernesto ‘Che” Guevara successfully overthrew
Batista’s regime and
Castro became the new ruler of Cuba. This was welcomed by
Khrushchev and the USSR, but not by the
United States who stopped trading with Cuba.
John F Kennedy had become president a year after Batista’s fall and was determined to unseat Castro. He pressed ahead with the
Bay of Pigs invasion in
1961 – 1,400 US trained anti-Castro
Cubans found themselves facing 20,
000 Castro loyalists.
Today, ‘
Bay of Pigs’ has become a byword for disaster. Not only did it fail, it drove Castro and Khrushchev closer together, Castro declaring himself a Communist in December of that year.
In 1962 US spyplanes found missile launch sites in Cuba. Furthermore, Soviet ships were en route to Cuba, possibly carrying nuclear warheads.
Nuclear weapons in Cuba would put almost every major city in the US within range of nuclear attack.
Kennedy was faced with a severe problem. Either do nothing and appear weak. However, standing his ground could lead to an attack on
West Berlin or even a full nuclear war. He decided to mount a naval blockade of Cuba, warning Khrushchev his ships were not to cross it.
As the ships approached, Kennedy received two messages. In the first, Khrushchev offered to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for a promise by
U.S. leaders not to invade Cuba.
The following day, the second proposed that the USSR would dismantle its missiles in Cuba if the Americans removed their missile installations in
Turkey.
Kennedy chose to respond to the first. However, he also sent his brother
Robert to the Soviet ambassador in
Washington to tell him that the US bases in Turkey would be dismantled without publicity.
The US and
Soviets were to install a hotline which would allow them to communicate more easily in future crises. Who won the Cuban Missile Crisis? Khrushchev claimed victory because Cuba remained communist. However, Kennedy had appeared a hero in the eyes of the western world for successfully standing up to the Soviet threat. With the Turkey deal secret, the USSR had appeared to climb down. China broke off relations with the USSR and in 1964 Khrushchev was forced to resign as
Soviet leader.
If you’ve found this video useful, go back and watch it with the sound off, pause it, test yourself on what the pictures mean.
Once you can tell the story for yourself, try to add even more detail from your revision notes.
- published: 26 May 2015
- views: 493