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Afri was a
Latin name used to refer to the
Carthaginians, who dwelt in
North Africa in modern-day
Tunisia. This name seems to have originally referred to a native
Libyan tribe; however, see
Terence#
Biography for discussion. The name is usually connected with
Phoenician afar, "dust", but a
1981 hypothesis[6] has asserted that it stems from the
Berber ifri (plural ifran) "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.[7] The same word[7] may be found in the name of the
Banu Ifran from
Algeria and
Tripolitania, a Berber tribe originally from
Yafran (also known as
Ifrane) in northwestern
Libya.[8]
Under
Roman rule,
Carthage became the capital of
Africa Province, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya.[9] The
Latin suffix "-ica" can sometimes be used to denote a land (e.g., in
Celtica from
Celtae, as used by
Julius Caesar). The later Muslim kingdom of
Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name.
According to the ancient
Romans,
Africa lay to the west of
Egypt, while "
Asia" was used to refer to
Anatolia and lands to the east. A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer
Ptolemy (85--165 AD), indicating
Alexandria along the
Prime Meridian and making the isthmus of
Suez and the
Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa. As
Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge.
Other etymological hypotheses have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa":
The
1st-century Jewish historian
Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) asserted that it was named for
Epher, grandson of
Abraham according to
Gen. 25:4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya.
Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae
XIV.5.2. suggests the Latin aprica "sunny".
Leo Africanus (1488--1554) proposed the
Greek aphrike (Αφρική), "without cold". Africanus suggested that the Greek phrike (φρίκη, "cold and horror"), combined with the privative prefix "a-", indicated a land free of cold and horror.[10]
Another theory is that the word aphrikè comes from aphròs, 'foam' and Aphrikè, 'land of foam', meaning the land of the big waves (like
Attica, from the word aktè, Aktikè meaning land of the coasts).[citation needed]
Massey, in 1881, states that Africa is derived from the
Egyptian af-rui-ka, "to turn toward the opening of the Ka." The Ka is the energetic double of every person and "opening of the Ka" refers to a womb or birthplace. Africa would be, for the
Egyptians, "the birthplace."[11]
Yet another hypothesis was proposed by Michèle Fruyt in
Revue de Philologie 50,
1976: 221--238, linking the Latin word with africus "south wind", which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally "rainy wind".
frica is considered by most paleoanthropologists to be the oldest inhabited territory on
Earth, with the human species originating from the continent.[12][13] During the middle of the
20th century, anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as 7 million years ago. Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have evolved into modern man, such as
Australopithecus afarensis (radiometrically dated to approximately 3.9--3.0 million years BC),[14]
Paranthropus boisei (c. 2.3--1.4 million years BC)[15] and
Homo ergaster (c. 1.9 million--600,
000 years BC) have been discovered.[2]
Throughout humanity's prehistory, Africa (like all other continents) had no nation states, and was instead inhabited by groups of hunter-gatherers such as the
Khoi and San.[16][17][18]
At the end of the
Ice Ages, estimated to have been around 10,
500 BC, the
Sahara had again become a green fertile valley, and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in
Sub-Saharan Africa.[citation needed]