The
Achaemenid Persians took
Syria from Babylonia
as part of their hegemony of
Southwest Asia in 539 BC.
The Persians, having spent four centuries under
Assyrian rule, retained
Imperial Aramaic as the language of the
Achaemenid Empire (539 BC- 33O BC), and also the Assyrian name of the satrapy of
Aram/Syria Eber-Nari.
Syria was conquered by the
Greek Macedonian Empire, ruled by
Alexander the Great circa 330 BC, and consequently became Coele-Syria province of the
Greek Seleucid Empire (323 BC – 64 BC).
It was the
Greeks who introduced the name "Syria" to the region.
Originally an Indo-European corruption of "
Assyria" in northern
Mesopotamia, the Greeks used this term not only to describe Assyria itself but the lands to the west which had for centuries been under Assyrian dominion. Thus in the
Greco-Roman world both the
Arameans of Syria and the
Assyrians of Mesopotamia to the east were referred to as "
Syrians" or "
Syriacs", despite these being distinct peoples in their own right, a confusion which would continue into the modern world.
Palmyra, a rich and sometimes powerful native
Aramaic speaking kingdom arose in northern Syria in the
4th century BC, independent of the Greeks.
Eventually parts of southern
Seleucid Syria were taken by
Judean Hasmoneans upon the slow disintegration of the
Hellenistic Empire.
Syria briefly came under
Armenian control from 83 BC, with the conquests of
Tigranes the Great, who was welcomed as a savior from the
Seleucids and
Romans by its people. The
Armenians retained control of Syria for two decades before being driven out by the Romans.
Pompey the Great of
the Roman Empire, who captured Antioch in 64 BC, turning Syria into a
Roman province. Palmyra again remained largely independent, and in the late
3rd century AD it became the center of the short lived
Palmyrene Empire, which briefly conquered
Egypt, Syria,
Palestine, much of
Asia Minor, Judah and
Lebanon, before being finally brought under
Roman control in 273
AD.
The northern Mesopotamian Assyrian kingdom of Adiabene controlled areas of north east Syria between 10 AD and
117 AD, before it was conquered by
Rome.
The
Aramaic language has been found as far afield as
Hadrians Wall in
Ancient Britain, with inscriptions written by Assyrian and
Aramean soldiers of the
Roman Empire.
Control of Syria eventually passed from the Romans to the Byzantines, with the split in the Roman Empire.
The largely Aramaic speaking population of Syria during the heyday of the
Byzantine empire was probably not exceeded again until the
19th century. Prior to the
Arab Islamic Conquest in the
7th century AD, the bulk of the population were Arameans, but Syria was also home to Greek and Roman ruling classes, Assyrians still dwelt in the north east,
Phoenicians along the coasts, and
Jewish and Armenian communities was also extant in major cities, with
Nabateans and pre-Islamic
Arabs such as the
Lakhmids and Ghassanids dwelling in the deserts of southern Syria.
Syriac Christianity had taken hold as the major religion, although others still followed Judaism,
Mithraism, Manicheanism, Greco-Roman
Religion,
Canaanite Religion and
Mesopotamian Religion. Syria's large and prosperous population made Syria one of the most important of the Roman and
Byzantine provinces, particularly during the 2nd and 3rd centuries (
AD).
The
Roman Emperor Alexander Severus, who was emperor from
222 to 235, was an Aramean from Syria. His cousin
Elagabalus, who was emperor from 218 to 222, was also from Syria and his family held hereditary rights to the high priesthood of the Aramean sun god El-Gabal at Emesa (modern
Homs) in Syria. Another
Roman emperor who was a
Syrian was
Philip the Arab (
Marcus Julius Philippus), emperor from 244 to 249.
Syria is significant in the history of
Christianity; Saulus of
Tarsus, better known as the
Apostle Paul, was converted on the
Road to Damascus and emerged as a significant figure in the
Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys. (
Acts 9:1–43)
- published: 10 May 2015
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