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Thermodynamics
Branches Classical · Statistical · Chemical Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Thermofluids
Laws Zeroth · First · Second · Third
Systems State: Equation of state Ideal gas · Real gas Phase of matter · Equilibrium Control volume · Instruments Processes: Isobaric · Isochoric · Isothermal Adiabatic · Isentropic · Isenthalpic Quasistatic · Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility · Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles: Heat engines · Heat pumps Thermal efficiency
System properties Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties State functions: Temperature / Entropy (intro.) † Pressure / Volume † Chemical potential / Particle no. † († Conjugate variables) Vapor quality Reduced properties Process functions: Work · Heat
Material properties Specific heat capacity  Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c= Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): T Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \partial S Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \partial T Compressibility  Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \beta=- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 1 Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \partial V Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): V Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \partial p Thermal expansion  Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \alpha= Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 1 Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \partial V Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): V Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \partial T Property database
Equations Carnot's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Table of thermodynamic equations
Potentials Free energy · Free entropy Internal energy Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): U(S,V) Enthalpy Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): H(S,p)=U+pV Helmholtz free energy Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A(T,V)=U-TS Gibbs free energy Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): G(T,p)=H-TS
History and culture Philosophy: Entropy and time · Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics History: General · Heat · Entropy · Gas laws Perpetual motion Theories: Caloric theory · Vis viva Theory of heat Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Publications: "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat" "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire" Timelines of: Thermodynamics · Heat engines Art: Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Education: Entropy as energy dispersal
Scientists Daniel Bernoulli Sadi Carnot Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron Rudolf Clausius Hermann von Helmholtz Constantin Carathéodory Pierre Duhem Josiah Willard Gibbs James Prescott Joule James Clerk Maxwell Julius Robert von Mayer William Rankine John Smeaton Georg Ernst Stahl Benjamin Thompson William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin John James Waterston
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The dual combustion cycle (also known as the limited pressure or mixed cycle, Trinkler cycle, Seiliger cycle or Sabathe cycle) is a thermal cycle that is a combination of the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle, first introduced by Russian-German engineer Gustav Trinkler. Heat is added partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure, the advantage of which is that more time is available for the fuel to completely combust. Because of lagging characteristics of fuel this cycle is invariably used for diesel and hot spot ignition engines. The P-V diagram is given below:

The dual cycle consists of following operations:

1. 1-2 Adiabatic compression
2. 2-3 Addition of heat at constant volume.
3. 3-4 Addition of heat at constant pressure.
4. 4-5 Adiabatic expansion.
5. 5-1 Rejection of heat at constant volume.

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