Michelle may refer to:

People

• Michelle (given name), a given name and surname, the feminine form of Michel

(article includes a list of people with this name)

• Michel'le, hip hop artist in the 1980s and 1990s

Other

• Hurricane Michelle, powerful 2001 Atlantic tropical storm
• "Michelle" (song), a 1965 song by The Beatles
• "My Michelle", a song by Guns N' Roses

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Brown
— Common connotations —
soil, autumn, earth, skin, maple leaf, chocolate, coffee, caramel, stone, Africa, African culture, Indigenous, Malayan race, Thanksgiving, Nazism
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#964B00
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(150, 75, 0)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(30°, 100%, 59%)
Source		[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
— Some variations of Brown —
Brown (X11)
Pale Brown
Dark Brown

Brown is a color term, denoting a range of composite colors produced by a mixture of orange, red, rose, or yellow with black or gray. The term is from Old English brún, in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color.^[1] The Common Germanic adjective *brûnoz, *brûnâ meant both dark colors and a glistening or shining quality, whence burnish. The current meaning developed in Middle English from the 14th century.^[2]

The adjective is applied to naturally occurring colors, referring to animal fur, human hair, human skin pigmentation (tans), partially charred or carbonized fiber as in toasted bread and other foods, peat, withered leaves, etc.^[3]

In terms of the visible spectrum, "brown" refers to high wavelength (low frequency) hues, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low luminance or saturation.^[4] Since brown may cover a wide range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives are used such as red brown, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown.

The brown and orange disks of color are objectively identical, in identical gray surrounds, in this image; their perceived color categories depend on what white they are compared to.^{[citation needed]}

As a color of low intensity, brown is a tertiary color: a mix of the three subtractive primary colors is brown if the cyan content is low. Brown exists as a color perception only in the presence of a brighter color contrast:^{[citation needed]} yellow, orange, red, or rose objects are still perceived as such if the general illumination level is low, despite reflecting the same amount of red or orange light as a brown object would in normal lighting conditions.

The first recorded use of brown as a color name in English was in 1000.^[5]

Red-brown (web color "brown")[link]

Red-Brown
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#A52A2A
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(165, 42, 42)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(0°, 75%, 65[6]%)
Source		X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The web color called "brown" is displayed at right.

The historical and traditional name for this color is red-brown.

The color shown above at the top right at the head of this article (color #964B00) is the color normally and traditionally regarded as brown--a medium dark orange. Its h (hue) code is 30, which signifies a shade of orange. The color to the immediate right (color #A52A2A) that was chosen as the web color "brown"--a medium dark red—is the color traditionally called red-brown. That this color is a shade of red and not orange can be easily ascertained by inspecting its h (hue) code, which is 0, signifying a shade of red.

The first recorded use of red-brown as a color name in English was in 1682.^[7]

Variations of brown[link]

Sandy brown[link]

Sandy Brown
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#F4A460
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(244, 164, 96)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(28°, 61%, 96[8]%)
Source		X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Sandy brown is a pale shade of brown. Sandy brown is one of the web colors. As its name suggests, it is a shade of brown which is similar to the color of some sands.

The color name sandy brown first came into use in 1987, when this color was formulated as one of the X11 colors, which in the early 1990s became known as the X11 web colors.

Peru[link]

Peru
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#CD853F
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(205, 133, 63)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(30°, 69%, 80[9]%)
Source		X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the web color peru.

This color was originally called Peruvian brown.

The first recorded use of Peruvian brown as a color name in English was in 1924.^[10]

The color name was changed to peru in 1987, when this color was formulated as one of the X11 colors, which in the early 1990s became known as the X11 web colors.

Rosy brown[link]

Rosy Brown
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#BC8F8F
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(188, 143, 143)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(359°, 25%, 63%)
Source		X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the web color rosy brown.

The color name rosy brown first came into use in 1987, when this color was formulated as one of the X11 colors, which in the early 1990s became known as the X11 web colors.

Beaver[link]

A North American beaver

Beaver
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#9F8170
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(159, 139, 112)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(22°, 30%, 62[11]%)
Source		Crayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Beaver is a color that is a representation of the average color of the fur of a beaver.

The first recorded use of beaver as a color name in English was in 1705.^[12]

The color "beaver" was formulated as one of the Crayola colors in 1998.

Chestnut[link]

Chestnut
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#954535
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(149, 69, 53)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(10°, 54%, 68%)
Source		X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color chestnut, also known as the web color Indian red.

Chestnuts can be found on the ground around chestnut trees.

Russet[link]

Russet
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#80461B
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(128, 70, 27)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(26°, 79%, 50[13]%)
Source		ISCC-NBS
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Russet is a dark brown color with a reddish-orange tinge.

The first recorded use of russet as a color name in English was in 1562.^[14]

The source of this color is the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)--Color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps.^[15]

The name of the color derives from russet, a coarse cloth made of wool and dyed with woad and madder to give it a subdued grey or reddish-brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet.^[16]

Russet, a color of fall, is often associated with sorrow or grave seriousness. Anticipating a lifetime of regret, Shakespeare's character Biron says: "Henceforth my wooing mind shall be express'd / In russet yeas and honest kersey noes." (Love's Labour's Lost, Act V, Scene 1)

Brown in nature[link]

Mammals

• The brown rat or Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the best known and most common rats.
• The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America.

Biology

• The solid waste excreted by human beings and many other animals is characteristically brown in color due to the presence of bilirubin, a by-product of destruction of red blood cells.

Brown in culture[link]

Animal Rights

A brown dog

• The Brown Dog affair was a political controversy about vivisection that raged in Edwardian England from 1903 until 1910.

Astronomy

• The planet Jupiter has orange, red, and brown coloration in its clouds.
• Astronomers have recently detected the existence of the long theorized formerly hypothetical but now known to be actual astronomical objects called brown dwarfs, which are intermediate in mass between a gas giant planet and a star.

Business

A Pullman rail car, in traditional brown.

A UPS truck in Pullman brown

• Pullman Brown^[17] is the color of the United Parcel Service (UPS) delivery company with their trademark brown trucks and uniforms; it was earlier the color of Pullman rail cars of the Pullman Company, and was adopted by UPS both because brown is easy to keep clean, and due to favorable associations of luxury that Pullman brown evoked. UPS has filed two trademarks on the color brown to prevent other shipping companies (and possibly other companies in general) from using the color if it creates "market confusion." In its advertising, UPS refers to itself as "Brown" ("What can Brown do for you?").

The brown color scheme of Ubuntu (Linux)

City Planning

• Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where redevelopment for infill housing is complicated by real or perceived environmental contaminations.^[18]
• Chandler, Arizona has brown street signs at most of its intersections rather than the usual green or blue.

Computing

• Ubuntu is well known for its default brown color scheme. The exact shades have changed from release to release, with a general trend towards lighter colors and 'shiny' graphics.

Cooking

A baked cake

• Browning is a process to remove excess fat from meat by heating, as under a broiler or in a frying pan, until it turns brown.
• Browning is also used to describe a range of chemical changes to food, desirable and undesirable. Examples of browning reactions include caramelization and the Maillard reaction (both generally desirable) and the process that leads to the undesirable browning of the flesh of cut apples, pears, potatoes, and the like.

Ethnography

• Brown is sometimes used to refer to brown people in general or sometimes more specifically to the darker skinned Indo-Aryan and Dravidian of South Asia.
• The term brown or bronze may be used by mestizo or Amerindian Hispanics to describe themselves.
• Austronesians in the 19th century and 20th century were often referred to as the Malayan race or brown race. (A term for Austronesians often used today is Maritime Asian.)
• In her 1942 Glossary of Harlem Slang, Zora Neale Hurston placed "high yaller" at the beginning of the entry for her African American colorscale, which ran:

Food

• Chocolate is often associated with the color brown.
• Brownies are a favorite dessert.
• Boston brown bread is a popular bread made with molasses that is often sold in cans.
• In Japanese language, brown is described as Chairo (íÉêF, Cha-Iro^?), which means "tea color", meaning the color of the raw tea leaves used to make red tea, although green tea is the most popular tea in Japan.
• Brown sugar gets its color and flavor from residual or added molasses content.

Games

• In the billiard game of Snooker the 4-point snooker ball is brown.

Idioms

• "To be in a brown study" (in a state of absent-mindedness, serious contemplation or abstraction)
• "To be brown as a berry" (to be deeply suntanned)
• "To do something up brown" (do something well and with great effect)
• "To brown bag" a meal (to bring food from home to eat at work or school rather than patronizing an in-house cafeteria or a restaurant)
• "To experience a brown out" (a partial loss of electricity, less severe than a blackout)

Movies

• Four shades of brown^[19] is the title of a Swedish film from 2004.

The brown earth during a drought

Music

• Little Brown Jug is a drinking song written in 1869 by Joseph Winner.
• Brown Sugar is one of the most popular songs by the Rolling Stones (Album: Sticky Fingers).
• The song "Brown Eyed Girl" is by Van Morrison (Album: Blowin' Your Mind!).
• The song "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver" is by the artist Primus (Album: Tales from the Punchbowl).
• Golden Brown is a popular song about heroin by The Stranglers.

Nature

Brown is a common human hair color

• Many soils are brown.
• Many kinds of wood and the bark of many trees are brown.
• A large number of mammals and predatory birds have a brown coloration. This sometimes changes seasonally, and sometimes remains the same year-round. This color is likely related to camouflage, since the backdrop of some environments, such as the forest floor, is often brown, and especially in the spring and summertime when animals like the Snowshoe Hare get brown fur.

Parapsychology

• It is said that people who have brown auras are often unethical businessmen who are in business purely for the sake of greed, or people who are just generally greedy and avaricious.^[20]

Politics

• In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the Nazi paramilitary organization the Sturmabteilung (SA) wore brown uniforms and were known as the brownshirts. It was often said of members of the SA that they were like a beefsteak--"brown on the outside, and red on the inside"--because many of them were former Communists. The color brown was used to represent the Nazi vote on maps of electoral districts in Germany. If someone voted for the Nazis, they were said to be "voting brown". The national headquarters of the Nazi party, in Munich, was called the Brown House. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was called the Brown Revolution.^[21] At Adolf Hitler's Obersalzberg home, the Berghof, he slept in a "bed which was usually covered by a brown quilt embroidered with a huge swastika. The swastika also appeared on Hitler's brown satin pajamas, embroidered in black against a red background on the pocket. He had a matching brown silk robe."^[22]

Sexuality

• In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a brown bandana means that one is into the sexual fetish of scat.^[23]

Sports

• Brown is sometimes used as a team color or name, as in the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League, which got its name from its founder and long-time coach, Paul Brown, but also uses brown as a team color. The St. Louis Browns are a former Major League Baseball team, now known as the Baltimore Orioles; they do not use brown as a team color. For about 25 years, the San Diego Padres had brown as a primary team color.

Television

• In the TV show Firefly, a browncoat refers to a person who fought against the Anglo-Sino Alliance.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brown

• List of colors
• Umber – Examples of shades related to umber

References[link]

Robert Lectress Whitfield, III (born October 18, 1971 in Carson, California) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League.

Early career[link]

Whitfield played high school football at Banning High School^{[disambiguation needed ]} in Wilmington, California, where he was teammates with Mark Tucker, Ed Lalau, and Marvin Pollard. He then played college football at Stanford University under coach Dennis Green. Whitfield won a starting position as a true freshman and following his junior season, he declared his eligibility in the NFL Draft.

Professional career[link]

Whitfield was drafted in the first round (eighth overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. He played for the Falcons from 1992–2003 before he was released by the team. He then played for the Jacksonville Jaguars for the 2004 season.

Whitfield started for the New York Giants at left tackle during the 2006 season filling in after starter Luke Petitgout went down with injury. His time as a starter was marked by two episodes of him losing his cool and drawing costly personal fouls, twice on headbutts in key spots against the Dallas Cowboys and later in a week 16 loss against the New Orleans Saints. These actions lead to him receiving the nickname "Head-butt Bob" from many Giant fans as well as local columnists.^[1][2] Due to these actions and general inconsistent play, Whitfield was benched for the final game of the season against the Washington Redskins and the subsequent playoff game against the Philadelphia Eagles.

On February 12, 2007, he announced his retirement on Sirius NFL radio.^[3]

Post-playing career[link]

Bob Whitfield is the founder and former C.E.O. of PatchWerk Recording Studios in Atlanta, GA. Offering recording, production, mixing and mastering services, the studio has recorded and/or mixed more than 20 gold and platinum albums, including portions of OutKast's ATLiens, and Goodie Mob's Still Standing. Since then, the studio has also worked with the likes of T.I., Nelly, 50 Cent, Snoop Dogg, Missy Elliot, Beyonce, 112, Busta Rhymes, TLC, Whitney Houston, Toni Braxton, Sting, Cher, Madonna, Annie Lennox, and many more. The studio is currently owned and operated by Curtis Daniel III and Mike Wilson.^[4][5][6]

He has also become a guest analyst for the UK's NFL Coverage on Sky Sports.

On November 11, 2011, Whitfield was inducted into Stanford University's Hall of Fame^[7][8]and in an interview, Whitfield admitted he was considering a return to his alma mater to complete his degree.^[9]

Whitfield was married to Shereé Fuller (Shereé Whitfield of The Real Housewives of Atlanta), but the couple divorced.^[10][11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• NY Post

Raymond James Edwards, Jr. (born January 1, 1985) is an American football defensive end for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Purdue.

Early years[link]

Edwards attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati and was a student and a letterman in football. In football, he was a two-year starter and posted 12.0 sacks, 110 tackles, and seven forced fumbles as a senior.

College career[link]

Edwards played college football for three years at Big Ten school Purdue from 2003-2005. In his college career, Edwards played 36 games (starting in 18). He recorded a total of 16 sacks and received many honors including All-Freshmen team choice by The Sporting News (2003), honorable mention All-Big Ten (2004) and semifinalist for the Ted Hendricks Defensive End of the Year Award (2005).

Professional career[link]

Pre-Draft[link]

Minnesota Vikings[link]

Edwards was drafted as the 127th pick (4th round) of the 2006 NFL draft.^[2] During his rookie season, he appeared in 15 of the 16 regular season games, (the most for a Vikings rookie that year) and started in 2 of the last 4 games. He recorded 3 sacks and 10 tackles. In 2007 Edwards had 5 sacks and 30 tackles in 12 games. He scored one touchdown on a fumble recovery against Detroit. On December 5, Edwards was suspended for four games the by the National Football League for a violation of the league's Steroid policy. He was not eligible to play for the remainder of the Vikings regular season.^[3] In 2008 Edwards made 55 tackles and 5 sacks as the starting left defensive end after the acquisition of Jared Allen. In 2009, Edwards had a breakout year, recording 8.5 sacks, and having a strong performance against the Dallas Cowboys in the Divisional Round of the post-season. Edwards became a restricted free agent in the 2010 offseason due to the CBA dispute instead of an unrestricted FA as he would have been if there were a labor agreement. The Vikings gave him a first-round restricted free agent tender. He signed the tender on June 14, 2010 after deciding to miss the Vikings offseason program.^[4]

Atlanta Falcons[link]

Edwards was signed by the Atlanta Falcons to a five-year contract on July 29, 2011.^[5]

Boxing[link]

Edwards made his professional boxing debut at a Minnesota casino on May 20, defeating T. J. Gibson in a four-round bout. Edwards told the Star Tribune that he has signed a two-fight contract. His trainer is Jeff Warner, a former heavyweight boxer and pro wrestler. Warner predicts big things for Edwards. ^[6]

Professional boxing record[link]

1 Win (0 knockouts, 1 decision), 0 Losses, 0 Draws, 0 No Contest[1]
Res.	Record	Opponent	Type	Rd., Time	Date	Location	Notes
Win	1−0	TJ Gibson	UD	4	2011-05-20	Grand Casino, Hinckley, Minnesota	Edwards' professional debut.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Minnesota Vikings bio
• Professional boxing record for Ray Edwards from BoxRec