- published: 24 Feb 2015
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A volcanic crater is a roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature within which occurs a vent or vents. During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a tube-shaped conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava. A volcanic crater can be of large dimensions, and sometimes of great depth. During certain types of explosive eruptions, a volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside, forming a type of larger crater known as a caldera.
In most volcanoes, the crater is situated at the top of a mountain formed from the erupted volcanic deposits such as lava flows and tephra. Volcanoes that terminate in such a summit crater are usually of a conical form. Other volcanic craters may be found on the flanks of volcanoes, and these are commonly referred to as flank craters. Some volcanic craters may fill either fully or partially with rain and/or melted snow, forming a crater lake.
A crater lake is a lake that forms in a volcanic crater or caldera, such as a maar; less commonly and with lower association to the term a lake may form in an impact crater caused by a meteorite, or in an artificial explosion caused by humans. Sometimes lakes which form inside calderas are called caldera lakes, but often this distinction is not made. Crater lakes covering active (fumarolic) volcanic vents are sometimes known as volcanic lakes, and the water within them is often acidic, saturated with volcanic gases, and cloudy with a strong greenish color. For example, the crater lake of Kawah Ijen in Indonesia has a pH of under 0.5. Lakes located in dormant or extinct volcanoes tend to have fresh water, and the water clarity in such lakes can be exceptional due to the lack of inflowing streams and sediment.
Crater lakes form as the created depression, within the crater rim, is filled by water. The water may come from precipitation, groundwater circulation (often hydrothermal fluids in the case of volcanic craters) or melted ice. Its level rises until an equilibrium is reached between the rates of incoming and outgoing water. Sources of water loss singly or together may include evaporation, subsurface seepage, and, in places, surface leakage or overflow when the lake level reaches the lowest point on its rim. At such a saddle location, the upper portion of the lake is contained only by its adjacent natural volcanic dam; continued leakage through or surface outflow across the dam can erode its included material, thus lowering lake level until a new equilibrium of water flow, erosion, and rock resistance is established. If the volcanic dam portion erodes rapidly or fails catastrophically, the occurrence produces a breakout or outburst flood. With changes in environmental conditions over time, the occurrence of such floods is common to all natural dam types.
Video technology and science converge on an active volcano in Vanuatu, where explorer Sam Cossman operated camera-mounted drones to capture high-definition images of the spectacular yet dangerous Marum Crater. Cossman and his team piloted the drones over the 7.5-mile-wide (12-kilometer) caldera while confronting toxic gases and boiling lava. Although two drones succumbed to the harsh environment, the team was able to bring back video and photos that will help scientists learn more about the volcano and the life around it. Read a Q&A; with filmmaker Sam Cossman: http://goo.gl/73rTth VIDEOGRAPHERS: Sam Cossman, Simon Jardine, and Conor Toukmarkine SENIOR PRODUCER: Jeff Hertrick EDITOR: Jennifer Murphy
The Most Incredible Volcano Video ever shot ! Geoff Mackley, Bradley Ambrose,, after an epic struggle with the weather for 35 days, we became the first people ever to get this close to Marum Volcano's famed lava lake on Ambrym Island, Vanuatu. Coming within 30 metres of the lava lake down a watercourse, it was possible to stand the heat for only 6 seconds. With Fire Brigade breathing apparatus and heat proof proximity suit it was possible to stand on the very edge and view the incredible show for over 40 minutes. El Volcán Más Increíble de Todos los Tiempos El vídeo volcán más increíble jamás filmada! Geoff Mackley, Bradley Ambrose,, después de una lucha épica con el clima para 35 días, que se convirtieron en las primeras personas a conseguir tan cerca de lago de lava del volcán Marum fa...
Please LIKE the video ◕‿◕. Comment with your thoughts below, and Subscribe to make sure you don't miss the next video! Thank You! Jak and Daxter HD Collection Playlist: ✔ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF7C9665ABA92974F You can talk to me directly here, most of the time: ✘ Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/thecodbrothersgaming ✘ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheC0DBrothers ✘Twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/thecodbrothersgaming/ Checkout my Bros for more videos! ✘FatalBrotherHood: https://www.youtube.com/user/FatalBrotherHood ✘UnrealEntGaming: https://www.youtube.com/user/UnrealEntGaming
There Once Was a Console that Played - Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy Part 14 - Volcanic Crater Power Cells: 8 of 8 a) Bring 90 Orbs to the Miners b) Bring 90 Orbs to the Miners c) Bring 90 Orbs to the Miners d) Bring 90 Orbs to the Miners e) Bring 120 Orbs to the Oracle f) Bring 120 Orbs to the Oracle g) Find the Hidden Power Cell h) Free 7 Scout Flies Walkthrough played on PS3, from The Jak and Daxter Trilogy.
Visited Taal Volcano again today. This time I got to go down the crater to the water. I didn't know how active taal was. Se Lakwatsero blog post at: http://lakwatsero.me/2010/03/13/back-to-taal-volcano-and-into-the-crater-march-13-2010/
In this video I will show you how to get the secret power cell from the volcanic crater
What happened to the giant volcano thought to have destroyed Atlantis? The answer may be the island of Santorini... all of it. From: SECRETS: Hunt for Atlantis http://bit.ly/1ODL5mc
ITN reporter John Irvine takes a helicopter above the crater of the Icelandic volcano spewing out the ash which has grounded UK flights. Subscribe to ITN News! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=itnnews Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itn Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/itn Visit our homepage: http://itn.co.uk See our The Power of Nature playlist for more amazing natural phenomena: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL829D2E0B6597BE76 More incredible stories: Sinkhole swallows Chinese building complex: http://bit.ly/WBJtkw Foam fills Australian town: http://bit.ly/14yZzyQ Chicago warehouse swallowed by ice: http://bit.ly/U1QKMn Boiling water freezes instantly: http://bit.ly/11abJ2h Look behind you! Huge wave lands on reporter: http://bit.ly/UFNN...
Monitoring the crater lake helps scientists to calculate the volcanic alert level of Ruapehu. Eruption footage courtesy of Geoff Mackley, Skifield footage thanks to mtruapehu.com