Preventive police is that aspect of law enforcement intended to act as a deterrent to the commission of crime.

Preventive policing is considered a defining characteristic of the modern police, typically associated with Robert Peel's London Metropolitan Police, established in 1829.

The need for reform[link]

In the century following 1688, severe punishment was the legal mechanism in England for preventing crime, which included the designations of hundreds of crimes as capital crimes, punishable by death. Public executions were part of the formula, designed to deter criminals by demonstrating the brutal consequences of crime if apprehended.

Reformers argued that this method of prevention was ineffective, advocating instead punishments that, in the mind of the criminal, fit the crime.^[1]

Police Magistrate John Fielding, head of the Bow Street Runners, believed that "It is much better to prevent even one man from being a rogue than apprehending and bringing forty to justice." Fielding's Bow Street "thief takers," however, were a stipendiary force, and were primarily relegated to policing crime after it was committed.^[1]

Preventive police in practice[link]

The practical application of the concept in the English policing system is attributed to Patrick Colquhoun, who presented his ideas in A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (1797). Colquhoun founded the Thames River Police to counter the significant losses from the theft of cargo being shipped in and out of the Port of London on the River Thames.

In contrast to the Bow Street Runners, the river police acted as a deterrent by their continual presence on the riverfront, in addition to being able to intervene if they spotted a crime in progress. The Thames River Police and the Bow Street Runners were absorbed into the Metropolitan Police in 1839.^[2]

Utilitarianism[link]

Colquhoun was influenced by the Utilitarian ideas of his colleague, Jeremy Bentham, who helped make the case for the establishment of the river police. On the subject of policing, Bentham promoted the views of Italian Marquis Cesare Beccaria, and disseminated a translated version of "Essay on Crime in Punishment.

Beccaria placed preventive policing in terms consistent with Bentham's own beliefs, espousing the guiding principle of "the greatest good for the greatest number," which Bentham used as the foundation of his Utilitarian philosophy:

It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the chief aim of every good system of legislation, which is the art of leading men to the greatest possible happiness or to the least possible misery, according to calculation of all the goods and evils of life.^[1]

An 1829 London Review article entitled, "Preventive police" caught the attention of Jeremy Bentham, and began his mentoring relationship with its author, Edwin Chadwick, that would last until Bentham's death in 1832.^[3] Chadwick's article contributed to the debate leading up to Robert Peel's proposal for a metropolitan police force.

He argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective, anticipating the "crime doesn't pay" motto promoted by American police reformers in the 20th century.

Not only would a preventive police trump punishment as a deterrent, it would also reduce the costs of a criminal justice system over-burdened by prosecuting crimes that have already been committed.^[4]

In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime."^[5] Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.^[6]

Critical views[link]

More recent histories have considered the preventive principle in a more critical light, attempting to reconcile its introduction with the broader social changes that were underway in late eighteenth century Britain. An obvious problem with the celebratory tone such as the quote above is that Patrick Colquhoun, although he claimed policing was a "new science" and embraced a utilitarian approach to social problems, was not making an original contribution to English order, as he saw it, based purely on scientific insights and British values of liberty.

Instead, he looked to France, where, in his view, they had achieved “the greatest degree of perfection” with their police.^[7] Others have noted that preventive police were sprouting up in Glasgow, where he lived before moving to London, calling into question the significance of his river police as a unique policing innovation.^[8]

The significance of preventive policing in eighteenth century metropolitan London is that Colquhoun and the other utilitarians were looking not just at the problem of crime, but to the larger problem posed by the poverty of the working class and in securing private property. What Colquhoun was looking to prevent was poor workers falling into the criminal sub-class.

His river police were targeting not just the handful of river pirates and "mudlarks," but workers on the docks who treated payment "in kind" as part of their over-all wage that sustained them and their families. Colquhoun estimated that one-third of dock workers were stealing, which is what he sought to prevent.^[9]

By preventing these workers from stealing, they would become fully dependent on money wages, and be disciplined by the wage system; one of the jobs performed by Colquhoun's police was to set wage-rates of dock workers.^[10] Preventive policing, from this perspective, is therefore significant for its role in developing the class system in industrializing England, as part of the broader movement that included the enclosures and poor law to England.

See also[link]

• Peelian Principles
• Proactive policing

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c} R. J. Marin, "The Living Law." In eds., W. T. McGrath and M. P. Mitchell, The Police Function in Canada. Toronto: Methuen, 1981, 18-19. ISBN 0-458-93920-X
2. ^ Andrew T. Harris, Policing the City: Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780-1840 PDF. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2004, 6. ISBN 0-8142-0966-1
3. ^ Marjie Bloy, “Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890),” The Victorian Web.
4. ^ E. Chadwick, "A Preventive Police," The London Review, 1829, vol. i, pp. 271-272.
5. ^ Quoted in H. S. Cooper, "The Evolution of Canadian Police." In eds., W. T. McGrath and M. P. Mitchell, The Police Function in Canada. Toronto: Methuen, 1981, 39. ISBN 0-458-93920-X.
6. ^ Charles Reith, "Preventive Principle of Police," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951), vol. 34, no. 3 (Sept.-Oct. 1943): 207.
7. ^ T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, 2nd edition. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 38-39.
8. ^ Alastair Dinsmor, “Glasgow Police Pioneers,” The Scotia News, vol. 2, no. 1 (Winter 2003).
9. ^ Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, Thames Police Museum. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
10. ^ Mark Neocleous, "Social Police and the Mechanisms of Prevention: Patrick Colquhoun and the Condition of Poverty," British Journal of Criminology, 40 (2000):719-720.

Yasin Malik (1963) is the chairman of one of the two factions of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, the chairman for other faction is Farooq Siddiqi(Farooq Papa).Kashmir watchers think that Yasin Malik's shifting policy of seeking an internal solution with India after its alleged secret meeting with the Prime Minister of India led to the secession of its senior leaders, (see Praveen Swami; PMO in secret talks with secessionists)^[1].Farooq Papa is considered to be a hard liner ideologically.The organisation, Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front split^[2] in two after the senior leaders of the party disagreed with his policy of dealing Kashmir issue on bilateral level with India on the basis as was done in Nagaland. The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), founded by Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat, is a Kashmiri nationalist organization founded in Birmingham, UK on May 29, 1977. Within a couple of years branches were established in several cities and towns of the UK; and also in several countries of Europe, USA and Middle East. In 1982 branches were established in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Pakistan and in 1987 in Indian-administered Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) which shows it essential foreign origin. He started his movement^[3] for separation of Jammu & Kashmir from secular India as an Islamic Nation of Darul Islam while silent on freedom of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. He spent almost 6 years of his life in jail and in interrogations. Yasin Malik originally came to prominence as a Militant Area Commander under the chief commander of Ishfaq Wani of JKLF^[4] who was killed in an encounter with Indian army. In 1994, Yasin Malik renounced violence after he was released from jail and thenceforth, he and his organization called for a peaceful method to come to a settlement on the Kashmir Conflict. He supports the return of Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley^[5]

Personal life[link]

Yasin Malik was born in 1963 in a modest Kashmir household of Maisuma Bazar in the centre of Srinagar. His father was a Government Bus Driver, driving through the toughest routes of the world between Srinagar and Laddakh. He is married to the artist Mishal Malik. Mishal, a distance learning graduate from the London School of Economics and an artist, is the daughter of Rehana Hussain, chief of the Muslim League (women’s wing). Her father, the late M.A. Hussain Malik, was an internationally renowned Pakistani economist. Yasin Malik met Mushaal during a lunch hosted by PML (Q) in favour of Huriet Delegation including Yasin malik who visited Pakistan through LOC during General Pervez Musharrafs tenure.

Militancy[link]

Yasin Malik has admitted killing 4 Indian Airforce Personnel. In 1987, he was arrested, taken to an interrogation center for twenty days and then imprisoned for a year under the Public Safety Act. It was during this period that the four core activist member of the JKLF, Ashfaq Majid Wani (The JKLF Chief), Hamid Sheikh, Javid Mir and Yasin Malik met to form the famous HAJY group, an acronym formed of the first letters of their first names.

Two members of the HAJY Group Hamid and Ashfaq, were killed during encounter with security forces. Yasin Malik and Javid Mir were caught and imprisoned until 1994. In that year, Malik was released on grounds of ill- health. Soon after his release, he announced a unilateral cease-fire on the part of his party. He has stuck, to this day, to his commitment of reverting to a non-violent struggle. Even since his release in 1994 he has been arrested numerous times by Government and had six attempts made on his life by other terrorists. Yet despite this, he has sought to moderate the militant attitudes of fellow party workers.^[6] Meanwhile the years of imprisonment have left him frail. Yasin Malik recently completed two lengthy visits to the United States for health reasons. He undertook campaigns to educate the U.S public and garner support for the cause of Kashmiri struggle.

Yasin Malik was arrested in October 1999 by Indian Authorities under the Public Safety Act and was again arrested on March 26, 2002 under the POTA. He was detained for almost a year. In recent times Yasin has had one to one meetings with President of Pakistan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime Minister of India and other world leaders.^[7] In 2007 Yasin Malik and his party launched a \campaign known as Safar-i-Azadi (Journey to Freedom).^[8] This journey was to create an atmosphere for anti-Indian agitations among public which lasted for one year and during it, Yasin Malik and his colleagues visited about 3500 towns and villages of Kashmir.^[9] Stone pelting and sporadic attacks by Muslim majority of Kashmir of security forces have increased hence forth.^[10]

Some of his prominent party workers include Adv. Bashir Butt, Enj. Ghulam Rasool Dar, Noor Mohammed Kalwal, Showkat Ahmed Bakhshi and Mohammed Hussain Khan Altaf etc. Yasin Malik has Shaheed Maqbool Bhat, Jinnah & Yaser Arafat as his ideals.^[11] Yasin has studied only up to 5th standard but claims that most of the studies he has done are self studies done in various jails. He loves poetry of Allama Iqbal and writings of Imam Gazali. He is influenced with the visions of struggle of Che Guevara.^[12]

In January 2010, asked Kashmiri Pandit migrants to return to their homes in the Kashmir valley.^[13][14]

References[link]

External Links[link]

• http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm
• http://www.kashmirnewsline.com/2009/02/13/sacrifices-wont-go-waste-says-siddiqi/
• http://www.youtube.com/results?search_type=&search_query=jklfmaqboolmanzil.
• http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/.../Militant-kashmiri-leader-Yasin-Malik-to-marry-racy-artist-Mushaal-Mullick.html -
• http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=8652 -
• http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
• http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
• http://www.khalidhasan.net/2005/12/18/yasin-malik%E2%80%99s-dream/
• http://www.jamespot.com/a/115935-Pro-independence-Jammu-Kashmir-Liberation-Front-chairman-Mohamme.html -
• http://www.conclave.digitaltoday.in/conclave2008/index.php?option=com_magazine&opt=section&sectionid=3...32...T... -
• http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1413145.cms -
• http://www.outlookindia.com/author.asp?name=Mohammad+Yasin+Malik -
• http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2008/kashmir20080617a.html
• http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/18/local.htm
• http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
• http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJuly2008/profilejuly.htm -
• http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/04/12/08/142842.html
• JKLF Website
• JKLF Website

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

The Honourable Dean Barrow
Prime Minister of Belize
Incumbent
Assumed office 8 February 2008
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor General	Colville Young
Deputy	Gaspar Vega
Preceded by	Said Musa
Personal details
Born	(1951-03-02) 2 March 1951 (age 61) Belize City, Belize
Political party	United Democratic Party
Spouse(s)	Kim Simpliss
Alma mater	St Michael's College University of the West Indies University of Miami

Dean Oliver Barrow (born 2 March 1951) is Prime Minister of Belize and leader of the United Democratic Party. An attorney by trade, he served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1998 and was then Leader of the Opposition until the UDP won the February 2008 election. He started his first term as Prime Minister after victory in the 2008 election. He started his second term after United Democratic Party again won an election on 7 March 2012

Family[link]

Barrow has four children. The oldest is rapper Jamal "Shyne" Barrow, born 8 November 1979.^[1] (Shyne was born out of wedlock; his mother is the sister of Barrow's political colleague, the Hon. Michael Finnegan) His second son Anwar runs a small-scale lending institution. His daughter Deanne practises law out of her mother's (Barrow's first wife Lois Young) firm.

Barrow was married a second time 7 February 2009 in Savannah, Georgia to his long-time girlfriend Kim Simplis.^[2] They have one daughter, Salima.

Education[link]

Barrow attended St. Michael's College in Belize and the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados (LL.B. 1973); Norman Manley Law School, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica (Certificate of Legal Education, 1975); University of Miami School of Law (LL.M., 1981); University of Miami (M.A. International Relations).

Legal career[link]

Barrow, a senior counsel, is also considered one of Belize's successful attorneys and has appeared in several high profile cases. He began his legal work in the law firm of uncle Dean Lindo in 1973 and became a partner in 1977. He would eventually leave to form his own law firm. He is silent senior partner in the local law firm Barrow and Williams (with Rodwell Williams), and has appeared in court to argue high-profile cases. Among his firm's more controversial clients is Lord Ashcroft and the businesses he is connected with, particularly the Belize Bank and at one time, Belize Telemedia Limited, formerly Belize Telecommunications Limited.

Political career[link]

In 1983 Barrow entered electoral politics as a candidate for Belize City Council elections in December 1983, which he won as part of a nine-man slate. He then participated in the December 1984 general election as a candidate for the Queen's Square electoral division against Ralph Fonseca. Barrow defeated Fonseca handily and was nominated to Cabinet as Attorney-General and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

In the 1989 general election, Barrow defeated Thomas Greenwood but his party lost the election. Barrow continued in his law practice. In 1990, he became Deputy Party Leader to Manuel Esquivel after the death of the Hon. Curl Thompson. In 1993, Barrow won his third straight general election, over Juliet Soberanis, and returned to Cabinet in the posts he held from the previous administration in addition to Minister of National Security. His detractors called him "Minister of Everything" during this period because he appeared at most major functions on behalf of the UDP government.

After the 1998 elections loss in which he was one of only three representatives who retained a seat for the UDP, Barrow was elevated to Party Leader and Leader of the Opposition, replacing Manuel Esquivel in both positions. Barrow has presided over the smallest Oppositions (3 and 7 respectively) in the House of Representatives since 1974 and ever in the UDP's history. Barrow has won his last two elections by closer margins than his previous elections over attorney Richard "Dickie" Bradley.

Barrow was re-elected for the sixth time in 2008 against the PUP's Anthony Sylvester and Ebony Babb of the NRTCP.

Prime Minister[link]

The UDP won a massive victory, with 25 out of 31 seats, in the general election held on 7 February 2008, and Barrow was sworn in as Prime Minister on 8 February. He is the country's first black Prime Minister.^[3] He announced his Cabinet, including himself as Minister of Finance, on 11 February.^[4]

The UDP again won in the 2012 general election, albeit with a reduced majority. Barrow then started his second term as Prime Minister on 9 March 2012. He announced his cabinet, including himself as the Minister of Finance and Economic Development, on 12 March 2012.

References[link]

v t e Prime Ministers of Belize George Cadle Price · Manuel Esquivel · George Cadle Price · Manuel Esquivel · Said Musa · Dean Barrow

Marco Vidal (born 21 February 1986 in Dallas, Texas) is a Mexican-American professional footballer who currently plays for Club León.

Vidal has played for C.F. Ciudad Juárez in the Primera División de México,^[1] however he was unable to prevent the club from being relegated following the close of the 2010 tournament.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Marco Vidal stats at Medio Tiempo.com (Spanish)

This biographical article related to an American soccer midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Its citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. Tagged since August 2011. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since August 2011. It needs to be updated. Tagged since August 2011.

Akbaruddin Owaisi
Member of the AP Legislative Assembly
Incumbent
Assumed office 1999
Preceded by	Amanullah Khan
Constituency	Chandrayan Gutta Hyderabad
Personal details
Born	(1971-06-14) June 14, 1971 (age 41) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Political party	All India Majlis-e Ittihad al-Muslimin
Children	2
Residence	Hyderabad
Religion	Sunni Islam
As of September 16, 2006

Akbaruddin Owaisi (born 14 June 1971) is an Indian politician and a MLA.^[1] He belongs to All India Majlis-e Ittihad al-Muslimin and is its floor leader in Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

Early life[link]

Akbaruddin Owaisi was born in Hyderabad to Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi on 14 June 1971. His elder brother is Asaduddin Owaisi, Member of Parliament representing Hyderabad constituency. Akbaruddin Owaisi discontinued his MBBS study midway to help his father, Late Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi retain the Chandrayangutta assembly constituency by winning the elections in 1999. Akbaruddin was first elected to the state Assembly in 1999 and served as a deputy to his elder brother Asaduddin Owaisi, who was leading the MIM in the House. In 2004, Akbaruddin became the floor leader of MIM in the Assembly upon Asaduddin’s election to Lok Sabha from Hyderabad. He was relected in 2009 and now leads the seven-member MIM in the House. Akbaruddin has been very vocal about the land mafia grabbing Wakf properties in the assembly Akbaruddin survived an attempt on his life in april 2011 when a 12 member team of land mafia attacked him ,he was shot thrice and recived multiple stabs but managed to survive ,the whole episode was recorded on camera and made Akbaruddin a survival hero. Akbaruddin owaisi is also the managing director of Owaisi hospital which was setup by his late father Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi for the welfare of the poor .

References[link]