- published: 09 Dec 2008
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The geomorphological term feeder bluff is not a standard, widely-accepted geologic term; its use has been limited to the Puget Sound region. The concept was apparently first discussed at Western Washington University. The term feeder bluff has been applied to certain coastal cliffs or headlands that provide sediment to beaches down current as the result of wave action on the bluff.
A bluff will be more susceptible to erosion if the sediment is unconsolidated, and more resistant in crystalline rocks, like granite. Rocks that are heavily fractured are also very likely to suffer from erosion because the water can flow between the cracks to speed up the process. A bluff will retreat towards land as the erosion processes continue.
The term has not been extensively researched; specific criteria have not been developed to distinguish "feeder bluffs" from other types of bluffs; and quantities and rates of sediment supply to beaches and the littoral drift are unspecified and unknown. The overall contribution of "feeder bluffs" to beach processes, unlike the well-researched effects of sediment from rivers, is still undetermined.
Feeder are an alternative rock band from Newport, Wales, formed in 1991. Feeder's line-up from 1994 had consisted of founding members vocalist and guitarist Grant Nicholas alongside drummer Jon Lee, before the line-up was later completed with bassist Taka Hirose. The band had previously employed Simon Blight from Raindancer, a previous Feeder incarnation. On January 7, 2002 Jon took his own life in his Miami home, which saw the band keep out of the public eye for the rest of the year until August, when they made their live return with then former Skunk Anansie drummer Mark Richardson, who also recorded with the band. In May 2009, Mark parted company with Feeder to return to a reformed Skunk Anansie, before Karl Brazil took over as the band's studio and live drummer. Although the band have also employed Damon Wilson and former Mexicolas member Tim Trotter for live duties, Tim has recorded with the band on occasions.
Feeder first attracted national attention with the 2001 album Echo Park, due to the popularity and frequent airplay of its lead and UK top 5 single "Buck Rogers", although the band had released two albums before this being Polythene (1997) and Yesterday Went Too Soon (1999). Feeder's overall mainstream success is seen as moderate in comparison to their peers, but have seen very positive critical reviews for their early work, which includes a perfect 10/10 score for Yesterday Went Too Soon by Metal Hammer magazine. Two years previously Polythene was their album of the year, while in November 2004 Kerrang!'s writers have also approved of "Buck Rogers" as one of their "666 Songs You Must Own". Feeder's chart successes up until the end of 2006, enabled them to become one of the most successful UK chart acts between 1952-2006 based on the ranking system used in the now defunct Guinness publication British Hit Singles & Albums. Total combined domestic sales from all their albums that have been certified at least gold, currently stands at over 1.5 million.
Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987), better known by the stage name Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper. He released his debut album, Show and Prove, in 2006, and signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007. His Eurodance-influenced single, "Say Yeah", received urban radio airplay, charting on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008. Khalifa parted with Warner Bros. and released his second album, Deal or No Deal, in November 2009. He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010; he then signed with Atlantic Records. He is also well known for his debut single for Atlantic, "Black and Yellow", which peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut album for the label, Rolling Papers, was released on March 29, 2011.
Khalifa was born on September 8, 1987 to a mother and a father serving in the military. His parents divorced when Khalifa was about three years old. His parents' military service caused him to move regularly: Khalifa lived in Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan before settling in Pittsburgh where he attended Taylor Allderdice High School.
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