Toulon is a city in southern
France and a large military harbour on the
Mediterranean coast, with a major
French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the
Var department in the former province of
Provence.
The Commune of Toulon has a population of 165,514 people (2009), making it the fifteenth-largest city in France. It is the centre of an urban area with 559,421 inhabitants (2008), the ninth largest in France. Toulon is the fourth-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after
Marseille,
Nice and
Montpellier. Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the
French Navy aircraft carrier
Charles De Gaulle and her battle group.
The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon. During
World War II, after the
Allied landings in North Africa (
Operation Torch) the
German Army occupied southern France (
Case Anton), leading to the scuttling of the French
Fleet at Toulon (
27 November 1942). The city was bombed by the
Allies in November of the following year, with much of the port destroyed and five hundred residents killed. Toulon was captured by the
Free French Forces of
General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny on 28
August 1944. In
1974 Toulon became again the préfecture, or administrative centre, of the Var. Five years later the
University of Toulon opened. Toulon was one of four
French cities where the extreme-right
Front National won the local elections in
1995.
The Front National was voted out of power in
2001. The old town of Toulon, the historic centre located between the port, the
Boulevard de Strasbourg and the
Cours Lafayette, is a pedestrian area with narrow streets, small squares and many fountains.
Toulon Cathedral is located here. The area is also home of the celebrated
Provençal market which takes place every morning on the Cours Lafayette, which features local products. The old town had decayed in the
1980s and
1990s, but recently many of the fountains and squares have been restored, and many new shops have opened. The
Old Town of Toulon is known for its fountains, found in many of the small squares, each with a different character. The original system of fountains was built in the late
17th century; most were rebuilt in the eighteenth or early
19th century, and have recently been restored.
Mount Faron (584 metres) dominates the city of Toulon. The top can be reached either by a cable car from Toulon, or by a narrow and terrifying road which ascends from the west side and descends on the east side. The road is one of the most challenging stages of the annual
Paris–Nice and
Tour Méditerranéen bicycle races.
At the top of Mount Faron is a memorial dedicated to the
1944 Allied landings in Provence (
Operation Dragoon), and to the liberation of Toulon. Toulon harbour is one of the best natural anchorages on the
Mediterranean, and one of the largest harbours in
Europe. A naval arsenal and shipyard was built in 1599, and small sheltered harbour, the Veille Darse, was built in 1604–1610 to protect ships from the wind and sea. The shipyard was greatly enlarged by
Cardinal Richelieu, who wished to make France into a Mediterranean naval power. Further additions were made by
Jean-Baptiste Colbert and
Vauban. The upper town, between the Boulevard de Strasbourg and the railway station, was built in the mid-19th century under
Louis Napoleon.
The project was begun by
Baron Haussmann, who was prefect of the Var in 1849. Improvements to the neighbourhood included the
Toulon Opera, the
Place de la
Liberté, the
Grand Hôtel, the
Gardens of
Alexander I, the Chalucet
Hospital, the palais de
Justice, the train station, and the building now occupied by
Galeries Lafayette, among others. Haussmann went on to use the same style on a much grander scale in the rebuilding of central Paris.
Le Mourillon is a small seaside neighbourhood to the east of Toulon, near the entrance of the harbour. It was once a fishing village, and then became the home of many of the officers of the French fleet. Mourillon has a small fishing port, next to a
16th-century fort,
Fort Saint Louis, which was reconstructed by Vauban
. In the 1970s the city of Toulon built a series of sheltered sandy beaches in Mourillon, which today are very popular with the Toulonais and with naval families.
The Museum of
Asian Art is located in a house on the waterfront near
Fort St. Louis.
- published: 22 Oct 2014
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