Rodney Martin is a former professional squash player from Australia. He is best known for winning the World Open in 1991, beating the legendary Pakistani player Jahangir Khan in the final 14-17, 15-9, 15-4, 15-13 (he had previously beaten another Pakistani legend, Jansher Khan, in the quarter-finals, and his Australian compatriot Chris Dittmar in the semi-finals). Martin was also part of the Australian teams which won the World Team Squash Championships in 1989 and 1991. Martin was runner-up at the British Open three times in 1988-1990 (losing to Jahangir Khan in the final on all three occasions).

Martin was forced to retire from the international tour in December 1994 due to a hip injury. Since retiring as a player, he has worked as a squash coach at the Australian Institute of Sport. (He was formerly a scholarship holder at the Australian Institute of Sport squash unit from 1985 to 1989.)

Martin was inducted into the Squash Australia Hall of Fame in 2007.

Martin comes from one of squash's most successful families. His older brother Brett Martin and younger sister Michelle Martin were also top professional players.

Martin went to school at Everton Park State High School in Brisbane, Australia.

External links

Page at Squashpics.com

Category:Australian squash players Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people

fr:Rodney Martin (squash) ms:Rodney Martin

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
country
residence	Karachi, Pakistan
birth date	December 10, 1963
birth place	Karachi, Pakistan
weight
retired	1993
event	Men's singles
highest ranking	No. 1
worldopenresult	W (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988)
updated	September 19, 2010 }}

Jahangir Khan, HI, (born 10 December 1963, in Karachi, Pakistan) (sometimes spelled "Jehangir Khan") is a former World No. 1 professional squash player from Pakistan, who is considered by many to be the greatest player in the history of the game. During his career he won the World Open six times and the British Open a record ten times. Between 1981 and 1986, he was unbeaten in competitive play for five years. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively. This was not only the longest winning streak in squash history, but also one of the longest unbeaten runs by any athlete in top-level professional sports. He retired as a player in 1993, and has served as President of the World Squash Federation since 2002.

Playing career

Jahangir's family are originally Peshawari. Jahangir was coached initially by his father, Roshan Khan, the 1957 British Open champion, and then by his late brother Torsam Khan. After his brother's sudden death he was coached by his cousin Rehmat Khan, who guided Jahangir through most of his career. Ironically, during his earlier years, Jahangir was a sickly child and physically very weak. Though the doctors had advised him not to take part in any sort physical activity, after undergoing a couple of hernia operations his father let him play and try out their family game.

In 1979, the Pakistan selectors decided not to select Jahangir to play in the world championships in Australia, judging him too weak from a recent illness. Jahangir decided instead to enter himself in the World Amateur Individual Championship and, at the age of 15, became the youngest-ever winner of that event.

In November 1979, Jahangir's older brother Torsam Khan, who had been one of the leading international squash players in the 1970s, died suddenly of a heart attack during a tournament match in Australia. Torsam's death affected Jahangir profoundly. He considered quitting the game, but decided to pursue a career in the sport as a tribute to his brother.

Five-year unbeaten run

In 1981, when he was 17, Jahangir became the youngest winner of the World Open, beating Australia's Geoff Hunt (the game's dominant player in the late-1970s) in the final. That tournament marked the start of an unbeaten run which lasted for five years and 555 matches. The hallmark of his play was his incredible fitness and stamina, which Rehmat Khan helped him build-up through a punishing training and conditioning regime. Jahangir was quite simply the fittest player in the game, and would wear his opponents down through long rallies played at a furious pace.

In 1982, Jahangir astonished everyone by winning the International Squash Players Association Championship without losing a single point.

The unbeaten run finally came to end in the final of the World Open in 1986 in Toulouse, France, when Jahangir lost to New Zealand's Ross Norman. Norman had been in pursuit of Jahangir's unbeaten streak, being beaten time and time again. "One day Jahangir will be slightly off his game and I will get him", he vowed for five years.

Speaking about his unbeaten streak, Jahangir said: "It wasn't my plan to create such a record. All I did was put in the effort to win every match I played and it went on for weeks, months and years until my defeat to Ross Norman in Toulouse in 1986."

"The pressure began to mount as I kept winning every time and people were anxious to see if I could be beaten. In that World Open final, Ross got me. It was exactly five years and eight months. I was unbeaten for another nine months after that defeat."

Success in the hardball game

With his dominance over the international squash game in the first half of the 1980s secure, Jahangir decided to test his ability on the North American hardball squash circuit in 1983–1986. (Hardball squash is a North American variant of the game, played on smaller courts with a faster-moving ball.) Jahangir played in 13 top-level hardball tournaments during this period, winning 12 of them. He faced the leading American player on the circuit at the time, Mark Talbott, on 11 occasions (all in tournament finals), and won 10 of their encounters. With his domination of both the softball and hardball versions of the game, Jahangir truly cemented his reputation as the world's greatest squash player. His success in North America is considered by some observers to be among the factors which led to growing interest in the international "softball" version of squash in the continent, and the demise of the hardball game in the late-1980s and 1990s.

Rivalry with Jansher Khan

At the end of 1986 another Pakistani squash player, Jansher Khan, appeared on the international scene to challenge Jahangir's domination. (Jansher is not known to be directly related to Jahangir, but their families originate from the same village in the Peshawar region of northern Pakistan, so they may be distantly related.) Jahangir won their first few encounters in late-1986 and early-1987. But Jansher scored his first win over Jahangir in September 1987, beating him in straight games in the semi-finals of the Hong Kong Open. Jansher then went on to beat Jahangir in their next eight consecutive encounters and capture the 1987 World Open title.

Jahangir ended Jansher's winning streak in March 1988, and went on to win 11 of their next 15 encounters. The pair met in the 1988 World Open final, with Jahangir emerging the victor. But by that point it had become clear that squash now had two dominant players. The pair would continue to dominate the game for the rest of the decade. Jansher and Jahangir met a total of 37 times in tournament play. Jansher won 19 matches (74 games and 1,426 points), and Jahangir 18 matches (79 games and 1,459 points). This record doesn't include exhibition matches and league matches between them.

Jahangir did not win the World Open again after 1988, but he continued a stranglehold over the British Open title which he captured a record ten successive times between 1982 and 1991.

World Open final appearances

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 95%; border: #aaa solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Wins (6) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1981 || Geoff Hunt || 7–9, 9–1, 9–2, 9–2 |- | 1982 || Dean Williams || 9–2, 6–9, 9–1, 9–1 |- | 1983 || Chris Dittmar || 9–3, 9–6, 9–0 |- | 1984 || Qamar Zaman || 9–0, 9–3, 9–4 |- | 1985 || Ross Norman || 9–4, 4–9, 9–5, 9–1 |- | 1988 || Jansher Khan || 9–6, 9–2, 9–2 |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Runner-ups (3) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1986 || Ross Norman || 9–5, 9–7, 7–9, 9–1 |- | 1991 || Rodney Martin || 14–17, 15–9, 15–4, 15–13 |- | 1993 || Jansher Khan || 14–15, 15–9, 15–5, 15–5 |}

British Open final appearances

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 95%; border: #aaa solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Wins (10) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1982 || Hiddy Jahan || 9–2, 10–9, 9–3 |- | 1983 || Gamal Awad || 9–2, 9–5, 9–1 |- | 1984 || Qamar Zaman || 9–0, 9–3, 9–5 |- | 1985 || Chris Dittmar || 9–3, 9–2, 9–5 |- | 1986 || Ross Norman || 9–6, 9–4, 9–6 |- | 1987 || Jansher Khan || 9–6, 9–0, 9–5 |- | 1988 || Rodney Martin || 9–2, 9–10, 9–0, 9–1 |- | 1989 || Rodney Martin || 9–2, 3–9, 9–5, 0–9, 9–2 |- | 1990 || Rodney Martin || 9–6, 10–8, 9–1 |- | 1991 || Jansher Khan || 2–9, 9–4, 9–4, 9–0 |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Runner-ups (1) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1981 || Geoff Hunt || 9–2, 9–7, 5–9, 9–7 |}

Training regime

In a documentary on himself telecast on GEO Super, Jahangir revealed that he never had any fixed training regime particularly designed for him, nor had he any specially formulated diet - he would eat anything hygienic but never miss two glasses of milk every day.

For his training, he would often start his day with a jog which he would complete in 60–120 minutes at a moderate pace, followed by short bursts of timed sprints. Later he would weight train in the gym finally cooling down in the pools. He would follow this routine 5 days a week. On the 6th day he would match practice and rest on the 7th day.

He also said that he has experienced running on every surface - from custom-built tracks to asphalt roads, grass & farm fields to sea shores & knee-deep waters. Sometimes he would also visit the northern areas of Pakistan to train in high altitude fields under low oxygen conditions. All in all it made Jahangir one of the most physically and mentally fit athletes in the world.

Awards, services and recognition

Jahangir retired as a player in 1993 after helping Pakistan win the World Team Championship in Karachi. The Government of Pakistan honoured Jahangir with the awards of Pride of Performance and civil award of Hilal-e-Imtiaz for his achievements in squash. They also awarded him the title of Sportsman of the Millennium.

In 1990, Jahangir was elected Chairman of the Professional Squash Association, and in 1997, Vice-President of the Pakistan Squash Federation. He was elected as Vice-President of the World Squash Federation in November 1998, and in October 2002 was elected WSF President. In 2004, he was again unanimously re-elected as President of the World Squash Federation at the International Federation's 33rd Annual General Meeting in Casa Noyale, Mauritius.

Time Magazine has named Jahangir as one of Asia's Heroes in the last 60 years.

Jahangir Khan was conferred with an honorary Doctorate of Philosophy by London Metropolitan University for his contributions to the sport.

Due to his immense and absolute dominance in squash he was nicknamed "The Conqueror" (a loose translation of his first name).

Personal life

Jahangir is of Pashtun ethnicity. His family originated from a village near Peshawar named Nawakille (sometimes spelled "Noakili"). Jahangir currently lives in Karachi with his wife, Rubina, and their children, Omar and Marium. Musician Natasha Khan, better known as Bat for Lashes, is Jahangir's cousin.

See also

List of squash players

Jansher Khan

World Open

British Open Squash Championships

Roshan Khan

Torsam Khan

Rehmat Khan

World Squash Federation

List of Pakistanis

References

External links

The Incredible Khans of Squash: Part III Jahangir

The Khan Family, A Squash Dynasty Part III

Pakistan Squash - The Khan Supremacy Part VII

Jahangir Khan page at Squashpics.com

Details of Jahangir's rivalry with Jansher Khan

Article on Jahangir's hardball squash rivalry with Mark Talbott

World Squash Awards

The KhanSquash Management Group - (archived)

Category:Pakistani squash players Category:Hilal-i-Imtiaz Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance award Category:Pashtun people Category:1963 births Category:Living people

cs:Jahangir Khan de:Jahangir Khan fr:Jahangir Khan ko:자한기르 칸 it:Jahangir Khan hu:Jahangir Khan ms:Jahangir Khan pnb:جہانگیر خان fi:Jahangir Khan ur:جہانگیر خان

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
fullname	Jansher Khan
nickname	King Khan, The Punisher
country
residence	Peshawar, Pakistan
birth date	June 15, 1969
birth place	Peshawar, Pakistan
height	6'1"
turnedpro	1986
retired	2002
plays	Right handed
racquet	Head
event	Men's singles
highest ranking	No. 1
date of highest ranking	January, 1988
titles	99
worldopenresult	W (1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996)
updated	September 19, 2010 }}

Jansher Khan (born 15 June 1969, in Peshawar, Pakistan) is a former World No. 1 professional squash player from Pakistan, who is widely considered to be one of the greatest squash players of all time. During his career he won the World Open a record eight times, and the British Open six times.

Jansher is of Peshwari ethnicity. He came from a family of outstanding squash players. His brother Mohibullah Khan was one of the world's leading professional squash players in the 1970s. Another older brother, Atlas Khan, was a highly-rated amateur competitor.

Jansher won the World Junior Squash Championship title in 1986. He also turned professional that year. At the time, the men's professional tour was dominated by another Pakistani player – Jahangir Khan. (Jansher is not known to be directly related to Jahangir, but their families originate from the same village in the Peshawar region of northern Pakistan, so they may be distantly related). At the World Open in 1986, Ross Norman finally ended an unbeaten run by Jahangir in tournament play which had lasted a staggering five and a half years. But from 1987 onwards, Jahangir would no longer be able to tower over the game in the way he did during the first half of the decade, as Jansher quickly turned men's squash into a sport which now had two powerful dominant players. Jahangir won the pair's first few encounters in late-1986 and early-1987. Jansher then scored his first win over Jahangir in September 1987, beating him in straight games in the semi-finals of the Hong Kong Open. Jansher then went on to beat Jahangir in their next eight consecutive encounters. This included a win in the semi-finals of the 1987 World Open, following which Jansher claimed his first World Open title by beating Australia's Chris Dittmar in the final.

Jahangir came back strongly in 1988. In March that year he claimed his first win over Jansher since the previous September, and then went on to win 11 of their next 15 encounters, including a win in the 1988 World Open final.

The Jansher-Jahangir rivalry would dominate squash in the late-1980s through to the early-1990s. The pair met total of 37 times in tournament play. Jansher won 19 matches (74 games and 1,426 points), and Jahangir 18 matches (79 games and 1,459 points). This record doesn't include exhibition matches and league matches between them.

With Jahangir reaching the twilight of his career and then retiring, Jansher came to establish himself as the sole dominant player in the game in the mid-1990s. He won a record total of eight World Open titles, the last being in 1996. He chose not to defend his World Open title in 1997 because the event was held in Malaysia, and he had a pending court order in Malaysia relating to maintenance payments for his son, Kamran Khan, following his separation from his Malaysian wife. Jahangir maintained a stranglehold on the British Open up to 1991 (he won the championship 10 consecutive times), but when he finally relinquished the title it was Jansher who claimed it for the next six successive years.

Jansher officially announced his retirement from squash in 2001. He won a total of 99 professional titles and was ranked the World No. 1 for over six years.

In July 2006, Jansher was in the international headlines again when he was arrested in Pakistan for allegedly forcefully occupying a house over an ownership dispute, and harassing a woman and her family and threatening them with an illegal firearm.

In August 2007, Jansher announced that he was coming out of retirement to play in a Professional Squash Association tournament in London in October 2007. He said in a news conference that the reason for his comeback was that, "I feel I am mentally and physically fit to play the international circuit for another three to four years". He lost in the opening round of the event to England's Scott Handley 11–9, 6–11, 6–11 0–11.

World Open final appearances

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 95%; border: #aaa solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Wins (8) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1987 || Chris Dittmar || 9–5, 9–4, 4–9, 9–6 |- | 1989 || Chris Dittmar || 7–15, 6–15, 15–4, 15–11, 15–10 |- | 1990 || Chris Dittmar || 15–8, 17–15, 13–15, 15–5 |- | 1992 || Chris Dittmar || 15–11, 15–9, 10–15, 15–6 |- | 1993 || Jahangir Khan || 14–15, 15–9, 15–5, 15–5 |- | 1994 || Peter Marshall || 10–15, 15–11, 15–8, 15–4 |- | 1995 || Del Harris || 15–10, 17–14, 16–17, 15–8 |- | 1996 || Rodney Eyles || 15–13, 17–15, 11–15, 15–3 |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Runner-ups (1) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1988 || Jahangir Khan || 9–6, 9–2, 9–2 |}

British Open final appearances

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 95%; border: #aaa solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Wins (6) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1992 || Chris Robertson || 9–7, 10–9, 9–5 |- | 1993 || Chris Dittmar || 9–6, 9–5, 6–9, 9–2 |- | 1994 || Brett Martin || 9–1, 9–0, 9–10, 9–1 |- | 1995 || Peter Marshall || 15–4, 15–4, 15–5 |- | 1996 || Rodney Eyles || 15–13, 15–8, 15–10 |- | 1997 || Peter Nicol || 17–15, 9–15, 15–12, 8–15, 15–8 |- bgcolor="#c7dcf6" | colspan="3" | Runner-ups (3) |- bgcolor="#efefef" |Year |Opponent in final |Score in final |- | 1987 || Jahangir Khan || 9–6, 9–0, 9–5 |- | 1991 || Jahangir Khan || 2–9, 9–4, 9–4, 9–0 |- | 1998 || Peter Nicol || 17–16, 15–4, 15–5 |}

See also

Jahangir Khan

List of squash players

References

External links

Career summary at Squashtalk.com

Page at Squashpics.com

Pakistan Squash - The Khan Supremacy Part VIII

Category:Pakistani squash players Category:Pashtun people Category:1969 births Category:Living people

de:Jansher Khan es:Jansher Khan fr:Jansher Khan it:Jansher Khan ms:Jansher Khan

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
{{infobox christian leader | type	Pope| English nameMartin V| imagePisanello, copia da Ritratto di Martino V (Galleria Colonna).jpg| birth_nameOddone Colonna| term_startNovember 11, 1417| term_endFebruary 20, 1431| predecessorGregory XII| successorEugene IV
ordination	13 November 1417
consecration	14 November 1417
consecrated by	Jean Franczon Allarmet de Brogny
cardinal	12 June 1405| birth_datec. 1368| birth_place Genazzano, near Rome, Papal States | deaddead|death_dateFebruary 20, 1431 (aged 63)| death_placeRome, Papal States| otherMartin}}

Dipstyle	His Holiness
Offstyle	Your Holiness
Relstyle	Holy Father
Deathstyle	None

Pope Martin V (c. 1368 – February 20, 1431), born Odo (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 1417 to 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417).

Biography

He was born at Genazzano, the son of Agapito Colonna and Caterina Conti. He belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of Rome. His brother Giordano became Prince of Salerno and Duke of Venosa, while his sister Paola was Lady of Piombino in 1441–45.

Oddone most likely studied at University of Perugia. He became apostolic protonotary under Pope Urban VI (1378–89), was created Cardinal Deacon of San Giorgio al Velabro by Pope Innocent VII (1405). In 1409 he took part in the Council of Pisa, and was one of the supporters of Antipope Alexander V; later he confirmed his allegiance to another antipope, antipope John XXIII, by whom his family obtained several privileges, while Oddone obtained for himself the vicariate of Todi, Orvieto, Perugia and Umbria. He was for this excommunicated by pope Gregory XII. Oddone was with John XXIII's following at the Council of Constance, and followed him in his escape at Schaffhausen on March 21, 1415. Later he returned to Konstanz, and took part in the process leading to the deposition of John.

He was elected pope on St. Martin's Day (November 11), 1417, at the Council of Constance by a conclave consisting of twenty-three cardinals and thirty delegates of the council, which, after deposing (1410–15), had long been divided by the conflicting discourses of Pope Gregory XII (1406–15) and antipope Benedict XIII (1394–1423).

His first act after his election was to publish a brief that confirmed all the regulations made by his predecessors regarding the papal chancery, regulations which had long been the subject of complaints. When the "nations" of the council pressed their plans for reform, Martin V submitted a counter-scheme and ultimately entered into negotiations for separate concordats, for the most part vague and illusory, with the Holy Roman Empire, England, and France.

By issuing the Papal Bull to exterminate Hussites, Wycliffites, and other heretics in Bohemia on March 1, 1420, Martin V initiated the Hussite Wars.

He left Konstanz at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy, lingered at Florence. His authority in Rome was represented by his brother Giordano, who had fought under Muzio Attendolo against the condottiero Braccio da Montone. The pope at the time ruled only Rome (when not rebellious) and its neighborhood: Braccio held Umbria, Bologna was an independent commune, while much of Romagna and the Marche were held by local "vicars", which were in fact petty hereditary lords. In particular, Martin confirmed Giorgio Ordelaffi in Forlì, Ludovico Alidosi in Imola, Malatesta IV Malatesta in Rimini, and Guidantonio da Montefeltro in Spoleto, who would later marry the pope's nephew Caterina Colonna. In exchange with the recognition of Joan II of Naples, Martin obtained the restitution of Benevento, several fiefs in the Kingdom of Naples for his relatives and, above all, that Muzio Attendolo, then hired by the Neapolitans, should leave Rome. Martin, after a long stay in Florence, was thus able to Rome in September 1420.

In that period, in 1418, a synod, convoked by the Jews in Forlì, sent a deputation with costly gifts to the new pope, Martin V, asking that he abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by antipope Benedict XIII and that he grant the Jews those privileges which had been accorded them under previous popes. The deputation succeeded in its mission. In 1419-1420 Martin had diplomatic contacts with the Byzantine emperor Manuel II, who was invoking a council in Constantinople as a move to reduce the pressure from the Ottoman Turks. The pope, on 12 July 1420, conceded indulgence to any who would contribute to a crusade against the latter, which would be led by the King of the Romans, Sigismund. In the same year Martin obtained a reduction of the autonomy of the commune of Bologna, whose finances would be thenceforth under the authority of a papal treasurer. He also ended the war with Braccio da Montone, in exchange of his recognition as vicar, and reconciled with the deposed John XXIII, to whom he gave the title of Cardinal of Tusculum.

During his permanence in Rome, he moved his residence from St. Peter to Santa Maria Maggiore and, from 1424, the Basilica of Santi Apostoli near the family's palace. He also frequently sojourned in towns held by his family in the Latium (Tivoli, Vicovaro, Marino, Gallicano and others). The main concern of Martin's first years of pontificate was the resumed war against Braccio da Montone from 1423. The following year, the combined Papal-Neapolitan army, led by Giacomo Caldora and Francesco Sforza, defeated him at the Battle of L'Aquila (2 June 1424); Braccio died a few days later.

Canon law prohibited interest upon a loan. To avoid this, annuities were paid, interest in effect but not in name. The dispute as to the legality of annuity contracts was brought before Martin V in 1423. He held that purchased annuities, which were redeemable at the option of the seller, were lawful. When the lawfulness of annuities was established, they were widely used in commerce; it seems that city states used them to raise compulsory loans from their citizens.

In accordance with the decree of Constance, confirmed by himself, ordering that councils should be held every five years, in 1423 Martin V summoned the council which met at Pavia and afterwards at Siena (the ''Council of Siena'')—it was rather poorly attended, which gave the pope a pretext for dissolving it as soon as it had come to the resolution that "internal church union by reform ought to take precedence over external union". It was prorogued for seven years, and then met at Basel (the Council of Basel); shortly after its opening Martin V died of apoplexy.

He is buried in the confession of St. John Lateran Basilica in Rome.

Note on numbering

When the second Pope to take the name Martin was elected, there was confusion over how many Popes had taken the name before. It was believed then that there were three, so the second Pope named Martin was called ''Martin IV''. Therefore, the third Pope named Martin was called V. But, in reality, those believed to be Martin II and Martin III were called Marinus I and Marinus II, although they are sometimes still known as ''Martin II'' and ''Martin III''. This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Martin by two. Popes Martin IV–V are really the second and third popes by that name.

Pope Martin V and slavery

Slavery was commonplace in this era and was accepted by "almost everyone" with few arguing against it. During the 15th century, sentiment in Europe increasingly turned against the enslavement of Christians and the Church denounced such practices, but this did not extend to unbelievers. According to Burton (2007) Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418 and this coupled with a later bull (1441) sanctioned the Portuguese trade in African slaves. In March 1425 a bull was issued that threatened excommunication for any Christian slave dealers and ordered Jews to wear a "badge of infamy" to deter, in part, the buying of Christians. In June 1425 Martin anathematized those who sold Christian slaves to Muslims. The papal bull of excommunication issued to the Genoese merchants of Caffa related to the buying and selling of Christians but has been considered ineffectual as prior injunctions against the Viennese, including the Laws of Gazaria, made allowances for the sale of both Christian and Muslim slaves. Ten black African slaves were presented to Martin in 1441 by Prince Henry of Portugal. Martin supported colonial expansion. Davidson (1961) argues that Martin's injunction against slavery was not a condemnation of slavery itself but rather it was driven through fear of "infidel power".

References

Notes

''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' 9th edition

Category:Popes Category:Italian popes Category:University of Perugia alumni Category:Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina Category:15th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:15th-century Italian people Category:People of the Hussite Wars Category:Western Schism Category:Colonna family Category:People from Rome (city) Category:1368 births Category:1431 deaths Category:Deaths from stroke Category:Renaissance Papacy Category:People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church

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Chris Dittmar (born 16 January 1964, in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian sports commentator who was formerly the World No. 1-ranked men's squash player.

Dittmar is widely-considered to be the "best player never to have won" one of squash's two biggest titles. He finished runner-up at the World Open five times – in 1983, 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1992 – and was runner-up at the British Open twice – in 1985 and 1993.

Dittmar was perhaps unlucky to have been around during the same era as two great Pakistani players – Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan. Dittmar provided probably the most consistent challenge of any player to the dominance of these two greats during the 1980s and early-1990s, but never quite managed to break their iron grip on the game. In all seven of the World Open and British Open finals he played in, Dittmar lost to one of the two Khans. There were several occasions in his career when Dittmar managed to beat one of the Khans in a semi-final round, only to lose to the other in the final. Dittmar won what is remembered as a one of the sport's classic matches against Jahangir Khan in the semi-finals of the 1989 World Open in Kuala Lumpur, taking the fifth set 15-13. The following day in the final, he took a two set lead against Jansher, but tired as the long match wore on and eventually lost in five sets.

Dittmar has claimed that the proudest moment of his career came in captaining the Australian team to victory in World Team Squash Championships in 1989. Australia beat Pakistan 3-0 in the final, with Dittmar contributing a win over Jahangir Khan. Two years later in 1991, Dittmar captained the Australian team which successfully defended the title.

Prior to turning professional, Dittmar was runner-up at the World Junior Championships in both 1980 and 1982, and won the British Open Junior Championship in 1981. During his junior years, Dittmar was so good that he was able to beat an opponent quite easily with a broken leg

Dittmar won several professional titles, including three Australian Opens, three Canadian Opens, three European Opens, three New Zealand Opens, and two South African Opens. His consistency helped him briefly capture the World No. 1 ranking shortly before he retired as a player in 1993. He was ranked No. 2 and No. 3 for much longer periods.

Dittmar was known for being very forthright in expressing his views as a player during his career, and represented his fellow players as President of the International Squash Players Association for several years.

Dittmar served as Patron of Squash Australia from 2002 to 2005. He was inducted into the Squash Australia Hall of Fame in 2005.

Since retiring as a squash player, Dittmar has worked as a sports commentator for Australia's Channel Seven and as an Australian Football League commentator for Adelaide AM Radio station FIVEaa. He also regularly hosts the FIVEaa soccer show on Sunday evenings.

Dittmar suffered a small brain haemorrhage requiring hospitalisation in July 2009.

Family

Chris comes from a well-known sports family in Adelaide. His father played Australian rules football for Port Adelaide Football Club. His uncle Wally also played for Port Adelaide and represented South Australia in State of Origin Football. And his uncle Len was crowned the Australian welterweight boxing champion in the 1950s.

Chris attended St Michael's College, Adelaide.

References

External links

Article at squashtalk.com

Page at squashpics.com

Channel Seven sports presenter profile

Category:Australian squash players Category:Australian sports broadcasters Category:Australian television presenters Category:People from Adelaide Category:1964 births Category:Living people

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