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This article is about the fictional mountain in Italy. For the real mountains in Bolivia and Panama, see Cerro Sapo (Bolivia) and Cerro Sapo (Panama).

Mount Sapo is a fictional mountain supposed to exist somewhere near Rome, presumably in Italy. It appears in a fanciful rewriting of the history of soap, and it is often claimed to explain the origins of the name. The tale occurs in a number of online sources, including the website of The Soap and Detergent Association.[1]

The story about Mount Sapo explains that upon its slopes, ancient Romans used to sacrifice animals as burnt offerings. Wood ash from the fires of their altars mingled with the grease from the animal sacrifices, forming a primitive kind of soap. This soap found its way to the clays of a nearby stream, where local people found that it helped them get their laundry cleaner. Soap gets its Latin name, sapo, from the name of the mountain.

This narrative is probably a hoax. There are many reasons to find it improbable:

• No record of any place with this name appears in the history of Rome, nor in the current Italian geographical names.
• Some versions of the story credit Mount Sapo to an "ancient Roman legend," but this legend does not appear in classical mythology.
• The word sapo is known only in Late Latin, and makes its first appearance in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder. In book 28, chapter 51, Pliny writes:

Prodest et sapo, Galliarum hoc inventum rutilandis capillis. Fit ex sebo et cinere, optimus fagino et caprino, duobus modis, spissus ac liquidus, uterque apud Germanos maiore in usu viris quam feminis.

There is also soap (sapo), an invention of the Gauls for making their hair shiny. It is made from tallow and ashes, the best from beechwood ash and goat fat, and exists in two forms, solid and liquid; among the Germans both are used more by men than by women.

• This narrative suggests that Pliny the Elder was unaware of soap's detergent properties, and that his readers might be unfamiliar with the name of the commodity, and its uses. Soap was not used in Roman baths; soapy water would make the public bathing areas lathery.
• The etymology of soap is fairly straightforward; it comes either from a Gaulish word *sapo- or a Germanic word *saipa-. Both of these words are cognate with Latin sebum, meaning "fat" or "tallow."
• Ancient Greeks and Romans did not burn the edible flesh of animals in burnt sacrifices; they instead took the edible parts, including meat and fat, for themselves, and left only the inedible bones and entrails for the gods. What was burnt at a Roman sacrifice would have made but a small amount of soap.

See also[link]

• False etymology

References[link]

• Adkins, L, ed., Dictionary of Roman Religion (Oxford, 2001) ISBN 0-19-514233-0
• Tucker, T. G., Etymological Dictionary of Latin (Ares, 1976, reprinted) ISBN 0-89005-172-0
• Buck, C. D., A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages (Univ. Chicago, 1988, reprint) ISBN 0-226-07937-6

External links[link]

• Garzena, Patrizia, A history of soap
• Mount Sapo in the rogueclassicism blog.

Renzo Gracie
Born	(1967-03-11) March 11, 1967 (age 45) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Residence	Holmdel Township, New Jersey, US
Nationality	Brazilian
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Weight	171 lb (78 kg; 12 st 3 lb)
Division	Welterweight (170 lb) Middleweight (185lb)
Style	Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo
Stance	Orthodox
Fighting out of	New York, New York, United States
Team	Renzo Gracie Combat Team
Rank	6th degree black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu      Black belt in Judo
Years active	1992-2010
Mixed martial arts record
Total	22
Wins	13
By knockout	1
By submission	8
By decision	3
By disqualification	1
Losses	7
By knockout	2
By submission	1
By decision	4
Draws	1
No contests	1
Other information
Notable relatives	Gracie family
Notable students	Matt Serra, Nick Serra, Ricardo Almeida, Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Georges St. Pierre, Rolles Gracie, Chris Weidman, Kyra Gracie, Frankie Edgar, Roy Nelson, Mario Delgado Dávila, Gunnar Nelson
Website	http://www.renzogracie.com/
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog

Renzo Gracie (English pronunciation: /ˈhɛnzoʊ ˈɡræsiː/; born March 11, 1967) is a Gracie Barra Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt under Carlos Gracie Jr. and a retired mixed martial arts fighter. He is member of the Gracie family of Brazil. He is the son of Robson Gracie, grandson of Carlos Gracie, nephew of Carlos Gracie, Jr. and grandnephew of Helio Gracie.^[3]

A world famous Jiu-Jitsu coach, Gracie has helped train a number of professional fighters such as: Matt Serra, Ricardo Almeida, Georges St. Pierre, Frank Edgar, Rolles Gracie, Chris Weidman, Kyra Gracie and Roy Nelson. His brothers Ralph Gracie and the late Ryan Gracie were also famous fighters.^[4]

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Gracie has competed both in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and mixed martial arts events such as the PRIDE Fighting Championships, the International Fight League, RINGS, Martial Arts Reality Superfighting (MARS) and the World Combat Championship.

On February 10, 2007 Gracie won a match against former UFC light heavyweight champion Frank Shamrock for upstart MMA promotion EliteXC on its debut night Saturday February 10, 2007, on Showtime. Gracie was able to take Frank down fairly easily after being overmatched on his feet and was still able to dominate on the ground for most of the match before Shamrock was disqualified by referee Herb Dean due to landing numerous illegal knee strikes to the back of Gracie's head while both fighters were on the ground. Shamrock had already been given one warning earlier in the match for illegal strikes to the back of Gracie's head. After the match, Gracie had to be helped out of the ring and back to his dressing room by his team allegedly due to receiving a concussion from the strikes.
Renzo formerly coached a team, the New York Pitbulls, for the International Fight League.

Gracie is the head instructor at the Renzo Gracie Academy in midtown Manhattan. Many well known BJJ and MMA fighters have been trained by Renzo, including BJJ black belts Rodrigo Gracie, current UFC Welterweight Champion Georges St-Pierre, former UFC Welterweight Champion Matt Serra, BJJ World Champion Rafael "Gordinho" Correa, Paul Creighton, former Middleweight King of Pancrase Ricardo Almeida, Sean Alvarez, Chris Weidman Alan Teo, Mike Codella, Carl Massaro, Shawn Williams,Gabe Koura, Chad Lebrun and GRACIE Magazine founder Luca Atalla.

Renzo Gracie also has affiliate academies in US, Brazil, Singapore, Canada, Mexico, South Africa and Israel. Also he opened a new academy in Honolulu where he trains the avid grappler Justin Vierra whose Portuguese heritage ties him in to the Brazilian Gracie family.

Gracie has co-written two instructional books on jiu-jitsu; “Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique”^[5] with his cousin Royler Gracie, and “Mastering Jujitsu”^[6] with training partner John Danaher. He has also been the personal jiu-jitsu teacher of Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, since 1993.^[7]

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

Returning from a three year hiatus, Gracie signed a six-fight contract with the UFC in December 2009 and faced former UFC Welterweight Champion Matt Hughes on April 10, 2010, at UFC 112 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.^[8] Although Gracie fared reasonably well against the American, he began to take more and more leg kicks, by the end of the second round, Hughes was taking more chances and the fight began to look more and more to his favor.

The third round saw Hughes score with a series of uppercuts and hooks that hurt Gracie. Hughes finished Gracie with a series of punches.^[9] Gracie lost to Hughes by TKO at 4:40 of round 3, becoming the second Gracie to fall victim to Matt Hughes, the other was his famous cousin Royce Gracie at UFC 60 both of which were caught in submissions though Royce refused to tap so Matt let it go.^[10] After the fight UFC president Dana White said: "Renzo Gracie is one of the good guys in MMA, But he looked old tonight".

Personal life[link]

Gracie is a resident of Holmdel Township, New Jersey. He and his wife Cristina have three children, Catarina, Cora and Ruran.^[11] He has eleven brothers and sisters, including Charles Gracie, Flavia Gracie (Kyra Gracie's mother), Ralph Gracie and the late Ryan Gracie.^[12][13]

Mixed martial arts record[link]

Result	Record	Opponent	Method	Event	Date	Round	Time	Location	Notes
Loss	13–7–1	Matt Hughes	TKO (leg kicks & punches)	UFC 112	02010-04-10April 10, 2010	3	4:40	Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Win	13–6–1	Frank Shamrock	DQ (knees to downed opponent)	EliteXC: Destiny	02007-02-10February 10, 2007	2	2:00	Southaven, Mississippi, United States
Win	12–6–1	Carlos Newton	Decision (split)	IFL: World Team Championships	02006-12-29December 29, 2006	3	4:00	Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
Win	11–6–1	Pat Miletich	Submission (guillotine choke)	IFL: Gracie vs. Miletich	02006-09-23September 23, 2006	1	3:37	Moline, Illinois, United States
Loss	10–6–1	B.J. Penn	Decision (unanimous)	K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Hawaii	02005-07-29July 29, 2005	3	5:00	Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Loss	10–5–1	Carlos Newton	Decision (split)	Pride Bushido 1	02003-10-05October 5, 2003	2	5:00	Saitama, Japan
Loss	10–4–1	Shungo Oyama	Decision (unanimous)	Pride 21	02002-06-23June 23, 2002	3	5:00	Saitama, Japan
Win	10–3–1	Michiyoshi Ohara	Decision (unanimous)	Pride 17	02001-11-03November 3, 2001	3	5:00	Tokyo, Japan
Loss	9–3–1	Dan Henderson	KO (punch)	Pride 13	02001-03-25March 25, 2001	1	1:40	Saitama, Japan
Loss	9–2–1	Kazushi Sakuraba	Technical Submission (kimura)	Pride 10	02000-08-27August 27, 2000	2	9:43	Saitama, Japan
Loss	9–1–1	Kiyoshi Tamura	Decision (unanimous)	Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final	02000-02-26February 26, 2000	2	5:00	Tokyo, Japan
Win	9–0–1	Maurice Smith	Submission (straight armbar)	Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B	01999-12-22December 22, 1999	1	0:50	Osaka, Japan
Win	8–0–1	Wataru Sakata	Submission (armbar)	Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B	01999-12-22December 22, 1999	1	1:25	Osaka, Japan
Win	7–0–1	Alexander Otsuka	Decision (unanimous)	Pride 8	01999-11-21November 21, 1999	2	10:00	Tokyo, Japan
Win	6–0–1	Sanae Kikuta	Submission (guillotine choke)	Pride 2	01998-03-15March 15, 1998	6	0:43	Yokohama, Japan
vDraw	5–0–1	Akira Shoji	Draw	Pride 1	01997-10-11October 11, 1997	3	10:00	Tokyo, Japan
NC	5–0–0	Eugenio Tadeu	No Contest (fans rioted)	Pentagon Combat	01997-09-27September 27, 1997	1	14:45	Brazil
Win	5-0	Oleg Taktarov	KO (upkick)	Martial Arts Reality Superfighting	01996-11-22November 22, 1996	1	1:02	Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Win	4–0	James Warring	Submission (choke)	WCC 1: First Strike	01995-10-17October 17, 1995	1	2:47	Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Win	3–0	Phil Benedict	Submission (strikes)	WCC 1: First Strike	01995-10-17October 17, 1995	1	2:08	Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Win	2–0	Ben Spijkers	Submission (choke)	WCC 1: First Strike	01995-10-17October 17, 1995	1	2:38	Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Win	1–0	Luiz Augusto Alvareda	Technical Submission (rear naked choke)	Desafio: Gracie Vale Tudo	01992-01-01January 1, 1992	1	7:03	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Documentary[link]

On November 14, 2008, there was limited release on DVD of a documentary, titled "Renzo Gracie Legacy", which followed Gracie over 10 years of his life. The DVD was only released on Amazon.com and www.renzogracielegacy.com.^{[citation needed]} Its tag line is "A 10 year history of mixed martial arts through the eyes of Renzo Gracie, one of its most charismatic pioneers."

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Interview: Renzo Gracie and the Art of Brazilian Jiu-jitsu
• Renzo Gracie's ProElite.com Profile
• The official website of the documentary
• Renzo Gracie on Twitter
• Renzo Gracie's EliteXC Profile
• Professional MMA record for Renzo Gracie from Sherdog
• IFL profile
• Renzo Gracie
• Daniel Gracie
• Celsinho Venicius
• Gabriel Vella
• Gracie SP Butanta
• Gracie SP Morumbi
• Gracie RJ Barra
• t-shirts Ryan e Renzo Gracie

Moacir Santos (1924–2006) was a Brazilian composer, multi-instrumentalist and music educator. Baden Powell de Aquino and Wilson das Neves both studied under him. As a composer, Santos worked with Nara Leão, Roberto Menescal, Sérgio Mendes and Lynda Laurence, among others.^[1]

Mark Levine and Muiza Adnet have both released album's consisting entirely of Santos' music.

Discography[link]

This section requires expansion.

• 1964: Luiza (RCA Victor)
• 1965: Coisas (Forma)
• 1972: Maestro (Blue Note)
• 1974: Saudade (Blue Note)
• 1975: Carnival of the Spirits (Blue Note)
• 1978: Opus 3, No. 1 (Discovery)
• 2004: Ouro Negro (Adventure Music)
• 2005: Choros & Alegria (Adventure Music)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Clique Music

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