Wednesday, 31 August 2011

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Kayqubad I

Alaiye
Alaiye (علاعية) is the medieval Seljuk name for the modern Turkish city of Alanya (on the southern coast). The city name is derived from the name of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. It refers to the city-state in a specific period and the beylik which developed around there, at times under the Karamanoğlu dynasty. After the 1242 Battle of Köse Dağ, the Seljuks lost control of the city, and it became semi-autonomous.
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Artukids
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Ayyubid
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Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubids (Kurdish:ایوبیان, Eyûbiyan) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, centered in Cairo and Damascus that ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they gradually gained independence from them under Saladin, Ayyub's son. In 1171, Saladin proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt after dissolving the Fatimid Caliphate upon the death of al-Adid. The Ayyubids spent the next decade launching conquests throughout the region and by 1183, the Ayyubid state included Egypt, Syria, northern Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, and the North African coast up to the borders of modern-day Tunisia. Most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, consisting of Palestine and Transjordan fell to the Ayyubids after their victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However, the Crusaders regained control of Palestine's coastline in the 1190s.
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Ayyubids
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Bernard Lewis
Bernard Lewis, FBA (born May 31, 1916) is a British-American historian, scholar in Oriental studies, and political commentator. He is the Cleveland E. Dodge Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. He specializes in the history of Islam and the interaction between Islam and the West, and is especially famous in academic circles for his works on the history of the Ottoman Empire.
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Gürcü Hatun
Gürcü Hatun () (fl. 1237-1286?) was a Georgian princess and favorite wife of Kaykhusraw II, Seljuk Sultan of Rum. After his death in 1246 she married the Anatolian strongman Pervane Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman. She was the mother of Kayqubad II and patron to Rumi. Her title Gürcü Hatun means "Georgian Lady"; her baptismal name was Tamar.
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Karamanoğlu
Beylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu (Karamanoğulları in Turkish plural), also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was an Anatolian beylik state centered in south-central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province. From the 13th century until its fall in 1487, Karamanoğlu was one of the most powerful states in Anatolia.
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Mengücek
Mengücek (also spelled as Mengüçlü or Mengujek) was an Anatolian beylik of the first period, founded after the Battle of Manzikert. The Mengücek Beylik ruled the regions of Erzincan, Kemah, Şebinkarahisar and Divriği in Eastern Anatolia in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Mongol
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Mongols
The name Mongol (Mongolian: Mongγol; Cyrillic script: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia.
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Seljuk dynasty
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Turkmen people
The Turkmen (Türkmen or Түркмен, plural Türkmenler or Түркменлер) are a Turkic people located primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, northern Iraq and in northeastern Iran. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Gagauz and Salar.
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Adıyaman
Adıyaman (the ancient Perre or Pordonnium, Ancient Greek: Περρη, Kurdish: Semsûr) is city in southeastern Turkey, capital of the Adıyaman Province. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in Turkey. The population rose from 100,045 (1990) to 198,433 (2009 census figures).
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Ahlat
Ahlat (, Khlat) is a historic town and a district in Turkey's Bitlis Province in Eastern Anatolia Region. The center town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern coast of the Lake Van. She was the district in Van Province between 1929-1936.
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Alaiye
Alaiye (علاعية) is the medieval Seljuk name for the modern Turkish city of Alanya (on the southern coast). The city name is derived from the name of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. It refers to the city-state in a specific period and the beylik which developed around there, at times under the Karamanoğlu dynasty. After the 1242 Battle of Köse Dağ, the Seljuks lost control of the city, and it became semi-autonomous.
http://wn.com/Alaiye
Anatolia
Anatolia (, from Greek '; also Asia Minor, from , ') is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia has been home to many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Romans, Byzantines, Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans. As a result, Anatolia is one of the archeologically richest areas in the world.
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Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
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Crimea
Crimea (), or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; , Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; , Къырым Мухтар Джумхуриети), is an autonomous republic under the jurisdiction of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name.
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Erzincan
Erzincan (, Yerznka or Erznka, Kurdish: Ezirgan, Zazaki: Erzıngan, also known in Byzantine sources as Celtzene and Acilisene to the Romans) is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Nearby cities include Erzurum, Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazığ, Malatya, Gumushane, Bayburt, and Giresun. The city is located at 39° 45' 12" North and 39° 20' 28" East, with an altitude of 1185 meters. The population is 90,100 (2009 census). Its climate produces snowy winters and cool summers.
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Erzurum
Erzurum (, Karin; , Theodosiopolis) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rûm" (literally The Land of the Romans in Persian). To the Arabs, the city was known as Ḳālīḳalā (adopted from the Armenian name Karno K'aghak'). The town was known in Roman and subsequently Byzantine times as Theodosiopolis, acquiring its present name after its conquest by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.
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Georgia (country)
Georgia (, sak’art’velo ; ) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is more than 4.6 million. Georgia's constitution is that of a representative democracy, organized as a unitary, semi-presidential republic. It is currently a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Community of Democratic Choice, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, and the Asian Development Bank. The country aspires to join NATO and the European Union.
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Kahta
Kahta is a large district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. Population 68,000.
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Kastamonu
Kastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. (Population of the urban center in 2009 is 86,085)The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of . It is located to the south of the province.
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Kayseri
Kayseri (Ottoman Turkish: قیصریه; Greek: Καισάρεια/Kaisareia; Latin: Caesarea Mazaca, /Mažak), named in classical antiquity as Mazaka or Mazaca, Eusebia, Caesarea Cappadociae, and later as Kaisariyah, is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. In conjunction with the addition of new districts and first stage municipalities into the metropolitan area, the city's population, which was 690,000 in 2000, is currently 911,984.
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Konya
Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 1,003,373 in 2009 while the provincial population (including the other urban centers in the Konya Province) was 1,959,082 in the same year.
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Kubadabad Palace
Kubadabad Palace or Kubad Abad Palace () refers to a complex of summer residences built for the sultan and his court during the reign of the Seljuk Sultan Kayqubad I (1220-1236). The palace is located on the southwestern shores of Lake Beyşehir in south-west Central Anatolia, Turkey, just over 100 kilometers west of the Seljuk capital and present-day province seat of Konya.
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Mersin Province
Mersin province is in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. The provincial capital is the city of Mersin and the other major town is Tarsus, birthplace of St Paul. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region, that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
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Sivas
Sivas (, , ) the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia) is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. According to the 2007 Turkish census, its population was 300,795.
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Sudak
Sudak or Sudaq (; ) is a small historic town located in Crimea, Ukraine situated to the west of Feodosiya (the nearest railway station) and to the east of Simferopol, the capital of Crimea. Today it is a popular resort, best known for its Genoese fortress, the best preserved on the northern shore of the Black Sea.
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Tokat
Tokat is the capital city of Tokat Province of Turkey, at the mid Black Sea region of Anatolia. According to the 2009 census, the city of Tokat has a population of 129,879.
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Çemişgezek
Çemişgezek (, Chmshkatsag; ) is a district of Tunceli Province of Turkey. Çemişgezek has a total population of 9,780 (Centrium 3,690, Villages 6,090 according to the 2007 Turkish census). Most of the people are Sunni, but there is also a Alevi community. There is a good brotherhood between Alevi and Sunni. Çemişgezek has great history and wild,excellent nature. There are lots of historical and sightseeing places. Mosques, houses, bridges, churches, drinking fountains, Turkish bath,madrasa, tombs, lake, mountains, valleys, brooks (with fish), forests...
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photo: Creative Commons

Bilingual inscription of Kaykaus I at Sinop

photo: Creative Commons

Statue of Kaykhusraw I in Antalya, sculpted by Meret Öwezov.

photo: Creative Commons / Flickr upload bot

Close-up of the zigzag course

photo: Creative Commons

Ince Minaret, a 13th century medrese (school) located in Konya, Turkey. The largest caravanserai is the 1229-built Sultan Han on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of Sultanhanı depending the latter city, enclosing 3,900 square meters.

photo: Creative Commons / Patrickneil

Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) built between 1221–1226 by Kayqubad I in Alanya

photo: Creative Commons / Cretanforever

Hanabad caravanserai in Çardak (1230)

photo: Creative Commons / Elgaard

the Mevlâna museum, the şadırvan and the green dome.

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Kayqubad I

Kayqubad I (Arabic and , 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykā'ūs; ) was the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm who reigned from 1220 to 1237. He expanded the borders of the sultanate at the expense of his neighbors, particularly the Mengujek emirate and the Ayyubids, and established a Seljuk presence on the Mediterranean with his acquisition of the port of Kalon Oros, later renamed Ala'iyya in his honor. He also brought the southern Crimea under Turkish control for a brief period as a result of a raid against the Black Sea port of Sudak. The sultan, sometimes styled "Kayqubad the Great", is remembered today for his rich architectural legacy and the brilliant court culture that flourished under his reign. , or Red Tower, built in Alanya by Kayqubad I]] Kayqubad's reign represented the apogee of Seljuk power and influence in Anatolia, and Kayqubad himself was considered the most illustrious prince of the dynasty. In the period following the mid-13th century Mongol invasion, inhabitants of Anatolia frequently looked back on his reign as a golden age, while the new rulers of the Anatolian beyliks sought to justify their own authority through pedigrees traced to him.

Biography

Kayqubad was the second son of Sultan Kaykhusraw I, who bestowed upon him at an early age the title malik and the governorship of the important central Anatolian town of Tokat. When the sultan died following the battle of Alaşehir in 1211, both Kayqubad and his elder brother Kaykaus struggled for the throne. Kayqubad initially garnered some support among the neighbors of the sultanate: Leo I, the king of Cilician Armenia and Tughrilshah, the brothers' uncle and the independent ruler of Erzurum. Most of the emirs, as the powerful landed aristocracy of the sultanate, supported Kaykaus. Kayqubad was forced to flee to the fortress at Ankara, where he sought aid from the Turkman tribes of Kastamonu. He was soon apprehended and imprisoned by his brother in a fortress in western Anatolia.

Upon Kaykaus' unexpected death in 1219 (or 1220), Kayqubad, released from captivity, succeeded to the throne of the sultanate.

In foreign policy, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was reduced and became a vassal of the sultanate. The sultan settled Turcomans along the Taurus Mountains frontier, in a region later called İçel. At the end of the 13th century, these Turcomans established the Karamanoğlu beylik.

In 1227/1228, Kayqubad advanced into eastern Anatolia, where the arrival of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who was fleeing the destruction of his Khwarezmian Empire by the Mongols, had created an unstable political situation. The sultan defeated the Artukids and the Ayyubids and absorbed the Mengujek emirate into the sultanate, capturing the fortresses of Hısn Mansur, Kahta, and Çemişgezek along his march. He also put down a revolt by the Empire of Trebizond and, although he fell short of capturing their capital, forced the Komnenos dynasty family to renew their pledges of vassalage.

At first Kayqubad sought an alliance with his Turkish kinsman Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu against the Mongol threat. The alliance could not be achieved, and afterwards Jalal ad-Din took the important fortress at Ahlat. Kayqubad finally defeated him at the Battle of Yassıçimen between Sivas and Erzincan in 1230. After his victory, he advanced further east, establishing Seljuk rule over Erzurum, Ahlat and the region of Lake Van (formerly part of Ayyubids). The Artukids of Diyarbekir and the Ayyubids of Syria recognized his sovereignty. He also captured a number of fortresses in Georgia, whose queen sued for peace and gave her daughter Tamar in marriage to Kayqubad's son, Kaykhusraw II.

Mindful of the increasing presence and power of the Mongols on the borders of the Sultanate of Rum, he strengthened the defenses and fortresses in his eastern provinces. He died at an early age in 1237, the last of his line to die in independence.

Family

Kayqubad had three sons:'Izz al-Din, son of his Ayyubid wife; Rukn al-Din, son of his Ayyubid wife; and Kaykhusraw II, the eldest. Kayqubad originally had his subjects swear allegiance to his son Izz al-Din, but the emirs generally preferred to rally behind the more powerful Kaykhusraw. With no clear successor, conflict broke out between the various factions upon Kayqubad's death.

Architectural legacy

Kayqubad sponsored a large scale building campaign across Anatolia. Apart from reconstructing towns and fortresses, he built many mosques, medreses, caravanserais, bridges and hospitals, many of which are preserved to this day. Besides completing the construction of the Seljuk Palace in Konya, he also built the Kubadabad Palace on the shore of Lake Beyşehir and Keykubadiye Palace near Kayseri.

Notes

References

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Category:Seljuk Sultans of Rûm Category:Alanya Category:1237 deaths

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