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Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied. Some materials, such as metal, are harder than others. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness.
Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity.
Common examples of hard matter are ceramics, concrete, certain metals, and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter.
There are three main types of hardness measurements: scratch, indentation, and rebound. Within each of these classes of measurement there are individual measurement scales. For practical reasons conversion tables are used to convert between one scale and another.
The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly known as materials science and engineering, involves the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long thought of as a sub-field of these related fields. In recent years, materials science has become more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering. Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology.
Science is a systematic enterprise that creates, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Contemporary science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences which study the material world, the social sciences which study people and societies, and the formal sciences like mathematics. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations. Disciplines which use science like engineering and medicine may also be considered to be applied sciences.
During the middle ages in the Middle East, foundations for the scientific method were laid by Alhazen. From classical antiquity through the 19th century, science as a type of knowledge was more closely linked to philosophy than it is now and, in fact, in the West the term "natural philosophy" encompassed fields of study that are today associated with science, such as physics, astronomy and medicine.
In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was in the 19th century that scientific disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology reached their modern shapes. The same time period also included the origin of the terms "scientist" and "scientific community," the founding of scientific institutions, and increasing significance of the interactions with society and other aspects of culture.
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Materials 101 Part 2 of the 'Mega Mechatronics Boot Camp Series'. Ductility and toughness are important material attributes to consider when choosing materials for your next project. For example: a stronger bolt isn't always better because a more ductile bolt can absorb shock and deform instead of completely fracturing. Excellent 'Materials Science 2000' Charpy Test: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpGhqQvftAo Very informational and well produced tutorial explaining how metals deform: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBFBJ1zJlmA Don't miss the next tutorial, subscribe now! Materials 101 Boot Camp: Part 1 - Stress and Strain Part 2 - Ductility, Toughness Part 3 - Corrosion Part 4 - Hardening, Treatments Part 5 - Failure Analysis Part 6 - Surface Finish Part 7 - Thermodynamics The 'Mega ...
Basic principle and practical procedure of the Brinell hardness test - Testing machine - Test piece - Spherical indenter - Basic principle - Definition of the hardness value - Practical procedure Responsible for this video: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Schwab, Hochschule Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences), Germany
Mechanical properties of material is an important topic of strength of material .There are following properties of material like elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, Toughness, Hardness, Strength.
Difference between the hardness, toughness, resilience . , . . . . What is the difference between the hardness, toughness, resilience quora what is the difference between the hardness toughness resilience and stiffness of materials stiffness stiffness and hardness are more or less the same things, it refers to the ability of a material to resist deformation. So, higher the young's modulus higher is the stiffness. Toughness is the amount of energy the material absorbs per unit volume before it breaks. A href " url?q answers.Yahoo question index. Here are some more compilation of topics and latest discussions relates to this video, which we found thorough the internet. Hope this information will helpful to get idea in brief about this. Stiffness stiffness and hardness are more o...
So, we know what materials are, but can we make new materials? Or improve the materials we already have? In this episode of Crash Course Kids, Sabrina shows us how Material Scientists are working on these two things today. Also, your cell phone holds the answer. Watch More Crash Course Kids: https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcoursekids ///Standards Used in This Video/// 5-PS1-3. Make observations and measurements to identify materials based on their properties. [Clarification Statement: Examples of materials to be identified could include baking soda and other powders, metals, minerals, and liquids. Examples of properties could include color, hardness, reflectivity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, response to magnetic forces, and solubility; density is not intended as an ...
Basic principle and practical procedure of the Rockwell hardness test - Testing machine, test piece, conical diamond indenter - Basic principle, hardness definition, testing procedure Responsible for this video: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Schwab, Hochschule Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences), Germany
If you like our efforts, we request you to share our work with your friends & family BECAUSE YOUR LOVE ENCOURAGES US TO PRODUCE MORE AND MORE GOOD CONTENT TO SPREAD THE FREE QUALITY EDUCATION. You can also provide us Financial Help to continue this good work https://www.patreon.com/ekeeda -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- This video will give you a clear understanding of various mechanical properties like hardness, toughness, elasticity, plasticity etc #OnlineLectures #EducationForFree #FullHD #HappyLearning #Engineering Thanks For Supporting Us Website - http://ekeeda.com Parent Channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/ekeeda Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/ekeeda.video Twitter - https://twitter.com/Ekeeda_Official Blogger - http://ekeeda.blogspot.in Pinterest - https://in.pinterest.com/ekeedavideo Dig...
Metals are used in making machinery, automobiles, aeroplanes, buildings, trains, satellites, gadgets, cooking utensils, water boilers, etc. Sodium and potassium are soft metals that can be cut with a knife. Mercury is a liquid metal. The metal base in an electric iron is for conducting heat, not electricity. Metals are very good conductors of heat, too. That's why cooking utensils, irons, heaters, etc. are all made of metals. Metals can be easily shaped into wires. This property of metals is called ductility. Metals can be easily shaped into thin flat sheets. This characteristic of metals is called malleability. Metals make a sound when struck with hard objects. Metals can be polished to a shiny appearance. That's why gold and silver jewellery shine so much. Read more at http://learnnext...
Basic principle and practical procedure of the tensile test on ductile metallic materials - Testing machine (Inspekt 200 kN, Hegewald & Peschke Meß- und Prüftechnik GmbH), specimen, extensometer - Material with yield point phenomenon - Elastic and plastic behaviour, uniform elongation, necking, fracture - Yield strength, tensile strength, percentage elongation at fracture - Material without yield point phenomenon - Plastic behaviour, proof strength Responsible for this video: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Schwab, Hochschule Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences), Germany
The most exciting & spectacular moment in basketball is definitely the art of dunking, but it is 2 times more exciting when a player dunks so hard till the basketball backboard glass shatters into pieces. During the 1979-1980 NBA season, "Chocolate Thunder" Darryl Dawkins did 2 powerful dunks which brought down the basketball hoop immediately. Since then, the NBA decided to replace the rim with "Breakaway rim" which has the ability to bend slightly downwards, and snap back to its original state whenever a dunk is performed. Some famous dunkers who had successfully broken some basketball backboards are Shaquille O'neal, 1988's University of Pittsburgh Jerome Lane, Darvin Ham, and Michael Jordan. However, it is really tough to successfully break a basketball backboard nowadays, as mater...
Conservative students are vastly outnumbered on campus, and their beliefs and values are often ridiculed by other students, professors and administrators. So, how can conservatives survive and thrive in college, while also making a difference? Matthew Woessner, a political science professor at Penn State Harrisburg, offers some tips. Donate today to PragerU: http://l.prageru.com/2eB2p0h Join PragerU's text list to have these videos, free merchandise giveaways and breaking announcements sent directly to your phone! https://optin.mobiniti.com/prageru You can support PragerU by clicking here: https://www.classy.org/checkout/donation?eid=60079. Free videos are great, but to continue producing high-quality content, contributions--even small ones--are a must! Do you shop on Amazon? Click http...
Rockwell Hardness Test || Material Science The video show the user how to use the Rockwell Hardness tester in the Material Testing RFQ:COMBINED ROCKWELL&SUPERFICIAL; ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTER(2SETS): -Hardness scales (A B C D E F G H K L M P R S &N; T W X Y) -Digital displayed on large L C D(HARDNESS VALUE-ROCKWELL SCALE-TEST FORCE INDICATOR). -testing of material tracks-Tdata output to be printed and clarify the following:-(test time,date and time,specimen ID,RESULT VALUE -Test loads:60 100 150kgf.for Rockwell&15,30,45Kgf.for superficial -PRELOAD:10kgf..FOR ROCKWELL&3KGF.for superficial -measuring resolution(0.1 Rockw.)
Arizona State University Materials Science and Engineering Spring 2016
WATCH OUTTAKES HERE: http://testu.be/1nhA5C0 Watch Anthony and Tara get down with dancing flames after they make their own Rubens' Tube. Join Anthony Carboni and Tara Long as they turn the world around them into a giant science experiment. New videos every Wednesday! Materials Needed: - Ventilation Ducting - Propane Tank - Tubing (to fit propane tank) - Silicone Sealant - Latex Sheet (or glove) - Drill - Drill Bits Experiment Tips: - Be sure that the seam and both ends of the ventilation ducting are air tight. - Dubstep and techno music really shows off the effects of this experiment. High and Low Pressure: http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-01/rubens-tube Sound waves consist of alternating regions of high and low pressure. But by igniting the gas in the tube and allowing i...
The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science. Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first widely used and standardised hardness test in engineering and metallurgy. The large size of indentation and possible damage to test-piece limits its usefulness. This video is targeted to blind users. Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA Creative Commons image source in video
Author Mr Aninda Bose, Springer Editor Hard Sciences Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Earth Sciences Springer New Delhi Aspire Research Foundation The International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology-ICDECT will be held during March 10 -11, 2016 at LAVASA, Pune. ICDECT, is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering to a common forum. ICDECT will provide an Excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering. The aim of the Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet the share cutting-edge development in the field. The primary goal of the con...
World's Strongest Material | NOVA | Science Documentary A superhard material is a material with a hardness value exceeding 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by the Vickers hardness test. They are highly incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond covalency. As a result of their unique properties, these materials are of great interest in many industrial areas including, but not limited to, abrasives, polishing and cutting tools and wear-resistant and protective coatings. Diamond is the hardest known material to date, with a Vickers hardness in the range of 70–150 GPa. Diamond demonstrates both high thermal conductivity and electrically insulating properties and much attention has been put into finding practical applications of this material. However, diamond has severa...
Strongest Materials Known to Man | NOVA | Knowledge of Science A superhard material is a material with a hardness value exceeding 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by the Vickers hardness test. They are highly incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond covalency. As a result of their unique properties, these materials are of great interest in many industrial areas including, but not limited to, abrasives, polishing and cutting tools and wear-resistant and protective coatings. Diamond is the hardest known material to date, with a Vickers hardness in the range of 70–150 GPa. Diamond demonstrates both high thermal conductivity and electrically insulating properties and much attention has been put into finding practical applications of this material. However, diamond has...
Where did "modern" civilization begin? What lies beneath the waves? Do myths describe interstellar impact? How'd they lift that stone? Was the Ark of the Covenant a mechanical device? Were there survivors of an Atlantean catastrophe? Who really discovered the "New" World? "Hidden history" continues to fascinate an ever wider audience. In this massive compendium, editor Preston Peet brings together an all-star cast of contributors to question established wisdom about the history of the world and its civilizations. Peet and anthology contributors guide us through exciting archeological adventures and treasure hunts, ancient mysteries, lost or rediscovered technologies, and assorted "Forteana," using serious scientific studies and reports, scholarly research, and some plain old fringe materi...
A Google TechTalk, 10/6/16, presented by Garnet Chan ABSTRACT: Quantum mechanics is the fundamental theory underlying all of chemistry, materials science, and the biological world, yet solving the equations appears to be an exponentially hard problem. Is there hope to simulate the quantum world using classical computers? I will discuss why simulating quantum mechanics is not usually as hard as it first appears, and give some examples of how modern day quantum mechanical calculations are changing our understanding of practical chemistry and materials science. Speaker Bio: Garnet Chan recently joined the Cal Tech faculty as the Bren Professor in Chemistry. Before that he was the A. Barton Hepburn Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University, where he was also a member of the physics facul...
Philosophies of science and social science part 4 Feminist methodology and epistemology, quantitative and qualitative research This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. Qualitative Political Analysis https://www.academia.edu/3510023/Philosophy_of_social_science_pt_1_ Course Aims and Objectives https://www.dropbox.com/s/c6rzr7dpzk64sbb/How%20to%20social%20science%20101.docx?dl=0 PDF download of An introduction to feminist research Jane Wambui (2013) file:///C:/Users/drkmw/Downloads/Wambui%20Introduction%20to%20feminist%20research%202013.pdf Feminist Methodology and Epistemology Andrea Doucet and Nathasha S. Mauthner http://www.andreadoucet.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Doucet-Mauthner-2005-Feminist-Methodologies-and-Epistemologies.pdf ...
Science and advancement does not come cheap. It requires hard work and commitment. It requires funding. And most importantly, it requires samples and materials for experimentation, many of which are only available in limited quantity. And with the Aliens unwilling to provide such materials willingly, it's up to the soldiers to retrieve them from the field. Got questions, thoughts or feedback? Please feel free to leave a comment. Otherwise, I'll see you next time for more Aliens vs Redditors. Otherwise if your name didn't turn up, but you wish to join the roster, leave your name and class preference in the comments and I'll do my best to fit you in. ---- Mods used: Long War Beta 15e2 by JohnnyLump, Amineri, and the rest of the Long War Team Alien strategic stats exposed by sectoidfodd...
Since the famed Kenneth Arnold “flying saucer” sighting of 1947, the world has been fascinated and unnerved by these mysterious objects in the sky. Millennia of recorded human history report UFOs, and everything from the extinction of dinosaurs to the origins of humankind have been attributed to them – but what exactly are UFOs? Featuring material from a treasure trove of UFO/Project Blue Book archives declassified in 2015, UFO FAQ is an all-inclusive guide to UFO lore – hard science and hoaxes, sightings and abductions, noted UFO proponents and skeptics, and sanctioned research and purported government cover-ups. Readers will meet cultists and explore worldwide UFO “hot spots.” They'll learn about UFOs in World War II, the Cold War, and the age of terrorism. And they'll zip along with UF...
Volker Schmidt from the University of Ulm in Germany presents. Abstract: Random point processes and random tessellations are fundamental classes of models in stochastic geometry. They can be used in order to describe structural properties of complex point patterns and cellular systems occurring in various disciplines and on various length scales, like telecommunication networks on geographic scales, and networks of particles, crystals and molecules in materials science on microscopic scales. In this tutorial we discuss several examples of random point processes, including the homogeneous Poisson process, Poisson cluster processes, Poisson hard-core processes, and Cox processes. We show how these point-process models can be applied to describe the locations of objects in the plane and i...
Dave Blivin is based in Santa Fe, NM and has over 25 years of private equity, operating and investment experience. Mr. Blivin has successfully made and managed investments in over 30 private technology based companies. He is experienced in the full cycle of venture capital investing: sourcing, analyzing, investing, building and exiting from portfolio companies and has been an early sponsor of companies representing almost $1.5 billion in realized enterprise value. Mr. Blivin has been a founder in three venture fund platforms; Southeast Interactive based in RTP, NC; Cottonwood Technology Funds based in Santa Fe, NM and Cottonwood Euro Fund based in Enschede, Netherlands. These funds represent over $200M in committed capital. His managed investments in Southeast Interactive generated a 3...