G Protein linked 2nd Messengers, G protein coupled receptors, GPCRs

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• published: 21 Mar 2016
• views: 11123

Understand the G-protein receptors like never before!!! Thanks for watching! I love making these for you! I'm constantly trying to make (and find) better videos for you to study from **it’s not easy! **You can help by suggesting any good videos you've seen in the comments below! Good luck in school!! I'm sure that you've talked about the G protein-linked receptors in school, however, you might not have called them G protein-linked receptors. They go by other names like G protein-linked second messengers or G protein-coupled receptors, that's a pretty common one. Even conversationally, a lot of people just say the G proteins. I'm gonna break down those words a little bit later and tell you what each part of it means and why we use those names to refer to these proteins. But first off, what does the G stand for? Why is it G protein? Well, the G stands for guanine. These are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, meaning that they bind guanine nucleotides. Like for example guanosine triphosphate or its slightly shorter little brother, guanosine diphosphate. These receptors are extremely important physiologically. We use them all over our body and they do all kinds of different functions. These receptors are only found in eukaryotes and are the target of about 40% of all the drugs we use in medicine today. I just told you that they're very diverse in function however, there's two main signal transduction pathways that you got to know, you have to know them for your boards and that is the cyclic AMP-dependent pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway, okay? I'll talk about those more in a little bit. First, let's jump into the structure and function of these things, it's pretty cool. I told you that I was going to breakdown the names so that you can understand the concepts a little bit better. First off, let's get started with what does the word "G proteins" mean? Well, the G proteins are a component of this receptor system. The G proteins are heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins made of three subunits, hence, heterotrimeric. First there's the alpha subunit, then the beta subunit and then the gamma subunit. And you should also notice from my illustration here that the beta and gamma subunits are more tightly linked together than the two are to the alpha subunit. Actually the beta and the gamma stay connected where the alpha subunit separates itself in normal function. These G proteins live on the intracellular side of the cell membrane and are attached to or connected to the cell membrane itself by lipid anchors. The next thing for us to talk about is to define what are the G protein-coupled receptors? Well, these are receptors that live in the membrane and in fact, they pass through the membrane seven times which is an important number, you might be tested on it. All right, so these G protein-coupled receptors interact with the G proteins and cause oftentimes a confirmational change so that the alpha subunit of the G protein can accept different nucleotides. What about the term G protein-linked second messengers? Well, that's another component of this system which are cellular target-proteins or enzymes that perform some kind of function when they interact with the G proteins that we've already talked about. Now they are very diverse but as I said in the beginning, there's two main pathways or two main targets that cause a pathway that you have to understand. And those two are the cyclic AMP-dependent pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway, which I abbreviate here as IP3/DAG pathway. Right now you're probably thinking, Dr. Joel, I have no idea what you're talking about. Don't worry, I will show you the whole thing working and we'll talk about the parts as we go, and I'm pretty sure that it will make sense after we go through it. First, we have to set the stage a little bit. The G proteins or more specifically, the alpha subunit of the G proteins is bound in its resting state to guanosine diphosphate or GDP. In this state, the receptor is just sitting and waiting. On the extracellular side of the cell membrane, a ligand comes and it binds with the G protein-coupled receptor causing a confirmational change. The confirmational change allows the alpha subunit to bind with guanosine triphosphate and release the guanosine diphosphate. Now, the G proteins are active and as active G proteins, they do a couple of things. First off, the alpha subunit separates itself from the beta gamma complex. This kind of frees it up a little bit so it's free to move around. It's still attached to the membrane by a lipid anchor but the lipid anchor can kind of swim through the membranes. It's able to move to the target. It moves the target and it causes the target protein or enzyme to change in some way. Either the G protein interaction causes the target to speed up what it's doing or slow down what it's doing or stop what it's doing. It does something to the target protein.

G Protein linked 2nd Messengers, G protein coupled receptors, GPCRs

• Report rights infringement
• published: 21 Mar 2016
• views: 11123

Understand the G-protein receptors like never before!!! Thanks for watching! I love making these for you! I'm constantly trying to make (and find) better videos for you to study from **it’s not easy! **You can help by suggesting any good videos you've seen in the comments below! Good luck in school!! I'm sure that you've talked about the G protein-linked receptors in school, however, you might not have called them G protein-linked receptors. They go by other names like G protein-linked second messengers or G protein-coupled receptors, that's a pretty common one. Even conversationally, a lot of people just say the G proteins. I'm gonna break down those words a little bit later and tell you what each part of it means and why we use those names to refer to these proteins. But first off, what does the G stand for? Why is it G protein? Well, the G stands for guanine. These are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, meaning that they bind guanine nucleotides. Like for example guanosine triphosphate or its slightly shorter little brother, guanosine diphosphate. These receptors are extremely important physiologically. We use them all over our body and they do all kinds of different functions. These receptors are only found in eukaryotes and are the target of about 40% of all the drugs we use in medicine today. I just told you that they're very diverse in function however, there's two main signal transduction pathways that you got to know, you have to know them for your boards and that is the cyclic AMP-dependent pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway, okay? I'll talk about those more in a little bit. First, let's jump into the structure and function of these things, it's pretty cool. I told you that I was going to breakdown the names so that you can understand the concepts a little bit better. First off, let's get started with what does the word "G proteins" mean? Well, the G proteins are a component of this receptor system. The G proteins are heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins made of three subunits, hence, heterotrimeric. First there's the alpha subunit, then the beta subunit and then the gamma subunit. And you should also notice from my illustration here that the beta and gamma subunits are more tightly linked together than the two are to the alpha subunit. Actually the beta and the gamma stay connected where the alpha subunit separates itself in normal function. These G proteins live on the intracellular side of the cell membrane and are attached to or connected to the cell membrane itself by lipid anchors. The next thing for us to talk about is to define what are the G protein-coupled receptors? Well, these are receptors that live in the membrane and in fact, they pass through the membrane seven times which is an important number, you might be tested on it. All right, so these G protein-coupled receptors interact with the G proteins and cause oftentimes a confirmational change so that the alpha subunit of the G protein can accept different nucleotides. What about the term G protein-linked second messengers? Well, that's another component of this system which are cellular target-proteins or enzymes that perform some kind of function when they interact with the G proteins that we've already talked about. Now they are very diverse but as I said in the beginning, there's two main pathways or two main targets that cause a pathway that you have to understand. And those two are the cyclic AMP-dependent pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway, which I abbreviate here as IP3/DAG pathway. Right now you're probably thinking, Dr. Joel, I have no idea what you're talking about. Don't worry, I will show you the whole thing working and we'll talk about the parts as we go, and I'm pretty sure that it will make sense after we go through it. First, we have to set the stage a little bit. The G proteins or more specifically, the alpha subunit of the G proteins is bound in its resting state to guanosine diphosphate or GDP. In this state, the receptor is just sitting and waiting. On the extracellular side of the cell membrane, a ligand comes and it binds with the G protein-coupled receptor causing a confirmational change. The confirmational change allows the alpha subunit to bind with guanosine triphosphate and release the guanosine diphosphate. Now, the G proteins are active and as active G proteins, they do a couple of things. First off, the alpha subunit separates itself from the beta gamma complex. This kind of frees it up a little bit so it's free to move around. It's still attached to the membrane by a lipid anchor but the lipid anchor can kind of swim through the membranes. It's able to move to the target. It moves the target and it causes the target protein or enzyme to change in some way. Either the G protein interaction causes the target to speed up what it's doing or slow down what it's doing or stop what it's doing. It does something to the target protein.