| operating_income = US$ 3.711 billion (2010) At the time of divestment, DuPont retained the single base
nitrocellulose powders, while Hercules held the double base powders combining nitrocellulose and
nitroglycerine. DuPont subsequently developed the
Improved Military Rifle (IMR) line of
smokeless powders.
DuPont also established two of the first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began the work on cellulose chemistry, lacquers and other non-explosive products. DuPont Central Research was established at the DuPont Experimental Station, across the Brandywine Creek from the original powder mills.
Automotive investments, 1914
In 1914,
Pierre S. du Pont invested in the fledgling
automobile industry, buying stock of
General Motors (GM). The following year he was invited to sit on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $25 million purchase of GM stock. In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's guidance, GM became the number one automobile company in the world. However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under the
Clayton Antitrust Act forced DuPont to divest itself of its shares of General Motors.
Major breakthroughs, 1920
In the 1920s DuPont continued its emphasis on
materials science, hiring
Wallace Carothers to work on
polymers in 1928. Carothers discovered
neoprene, the first
synthetic rubber, the first
polyester superpolymer and in 1935,
nylon. The discovery of
Teflon followed a few years later. 1935 was also the year that DuPont first introduced the chemical
phenothiazine as an
insecticide.
Second World War, 1941 to 1945
Throughout this period, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies. As the inventor and manufacturer of
nylon, DuPont helped produce the raw materials for
parachutes, powder bags, and
tires. DuPont also played a major role in the
Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating the
Hanford plutonium producing plant and the
Savannah River Plant in
South Carolina.
Space Age developments, 1950 to 1970
After the war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing
Mylar,
Dacron,
Orlon and
Lycra in the 1950s, and
Tyvek,
Nomex,
Qiana,
Corfam and
Corian in the 1960s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the
Apollo Project of the United States space program.
DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armor. In the Second World War DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by Britain's Royal Air Force to make Flak jackets. With the development of Kevlar in the 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the industrialized world.
Conoco holdings, 1981 to 1995
In 1981, DuPont acquired
Conoco Inc., a major American oil and gas producing company that gave it a secure source of petroleum feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fibre and plastics products. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the top ten U.S.-based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after a bidding war with the giant
distillery Seagram Company Ltd., which would become DuPont's largest single shareholder with four seats on the board of directors. On April 6, 1995, after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer
Edgar Bronfman, Jr., DuPont announced a deal whereby the company would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram.
Divestiture, 1999
In 1999, DuPont sold all of its shares of Conoco, which merged with
Phillips Petroleum Company.
Current activities
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right;text-align: right; width: 125px"
|+Pre-tax U.S. Profit by Year, in
|2010||949
|-
|2009||171
|-
|2008||992
|-
|2007||1,652
|-
|2006||1,947
|-
|2005||2,795
|-
|2004||-714
|-
|2003||-428
|-
|2002||1,227
|-
|2001||6,131
|}
DuPont describes itself as a global science company that employs more than 60,000 people worldwide and has a diverse array of product offerings. In 2005, the Company ranked 66th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $28 billion in revenues and $1.8 billion in profits.
DuPont businesses are organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color Technologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition.
In 2004 the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as Lycra (Spandex), Dacron polyester, Orlon acrylic, Antron nylon and Thermolite, to Koch Industries. DuPont also manufactures Surlyn, which is used for the covers of golf balls, and, more recently, the body panels of the Club Car Precedent golf cart.
As of 2011, DuPont is the largest producer of titanium dioxide in the world, primarily provided as a white pigment used in the paper industry.
DuPont has its R&D; facilities located in China, Japan, Taiwan, India, Germany and Switzerland with an average investment of $1.3 billion annually in a diverse range of technologies for many markets including agriculture, genetic traits, biofuels, automotive, construction, electronics, chemicals and industrial materials. DuPont employs more than 5,000 scientists and engineers around the world.
On 9 January 2011, DuPont announced that it had reached a definitive agreement to buy Danish company Danisco for US$6.3 billion. On May 16, 2011, DuPont announced that its tender offer for Danisco had been successful and that it would proceed to redeem the remaining shares and delist the company.
Locations
The company’s corporate headquarters are located in Wilmington, Delaware. The company’s manufacturing, processing, marketing and research and development facilities, as well as regional purchasing offices and distribution centers are located throughout the world. Major manufacturing sites include the Spruance plant near
Richmond, Virginia (currently the company's largest plant), the Mobile Manufacturing Center(MMC) in Axis, Alabama, the
Bayport plant near
Houston, Texas, the
Mechelen site in
Belgium, and the
Changshu site in
China. Other locations include the Yerkes Plant on the
Niagara River at
Tonawanda, New York, and the Sabine River Works Plant in
Orange, Texas.
Corporate governance
Current board of directors
Ellen J. Kullman - President, Chair and CEO
Samuel Bodman
Richard H. Brown
Robert A. Brown
Bertrand P. Collomb
Curtis J. Crawford
Alexander M. Cutler
John T. Dillon
There du Pont
Marillyn Hewson
Lois D. Juliber
William K. Reilly
The board of directors elected Ellen J. Kullman president and a director of the company with effect from October 1, 2008, Chief Executive Officer with effect from January 1, 2009, and Chairman effective December 31, 2009.
Environmental record
Researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the
University of Massachusetts Amherst ranked DuPont as the largest corporate producer of
air pollution in the United States. The study found DuPont's most toxic pollution comprised
chloroprene (855,370 lb/yr, 387,989 kg/yr),
sulfuric acid (804,501 lb/yr, 364,916 kg/yr), and
chlorine (65,088 lb/yr, 29,523 kg/yr) based on
Toxics Release Inventory data. The most massive releases came in the form of more than 4 million pounds (1,800
t) of
carbonyl sulfide followed by 2 million pounds (900 t) of
hydrochloric acid.
In 2005, BusinessWeek magazine, in conjunction with the Climate Group, ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their carbon gas emissions. They pointed out that DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65% from the 1990 levels while using 7% less energy and producing 30% more product. May 24, 2007 marked the opening of the US$2.1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on the Delaware Bay near Milford, Delaware, USA. DuPont contributed both financial and technological support to create the center, as part of its "Clear into the Future" initiative to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility will be state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). DuPont is a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development with DuPont CEO (at the time) Chad Holliday being Chairman of the WBCSD from 2000 to 2001.
Positive recognition
DuPont has been awarded the
National Medal of Technology four times: first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-made polymers such as
nylon,
neoprene rubber, "
Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics"; the second in 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of
chlorofluorocarbons". Additionally, DuPont scientist
George Levitt was honored with the
medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylurea herbicides—environmentally friendly herbicides for every major food crop in the world. In 1996, DuPont scientist
Stephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development of
Kevlar.
On the company's 200th anniversary in 2002, it was presented with the Honor Award by the National Building Museum in recognition of DuPont's "products that directly influence the construction and design process in the building industry."
Controversies
Behind the Nylon Curtain
In 1974,
Gerard Colby Zilg, wrote
Du Pont: Behind the Nylon Curtain, a critical account of the role of the DuPont family in American social, political and economic history. The book was nominated for a
National Book Award in 1974.
A du Pont family member obtained an advance copy of the manuscript and was "predictably outraged". A DuPont official contacted The Fortune Book Club and stated that the book was "scurrilous" and "actionable" but produced no evidence to counter the charges. The Fortune Book Club (a subsidiary of the Book of the Month Club) reversed its decision to distribute Zilg's book. The editor-in-chief of the Book of the Month Club declared that the book was “malicious” and had an “objectionable tone”. Prentice-Hall removed several inaccurate passages from the page proofs of the book, and cut the first printing from 15,000 to 10,000 copies, stating that 5,000 copies no longer were needed for the book club distribution. The proposed advertising budget was reduced from $15,000 to $5,000.
Zilg sued Prentice-Hall (Zilg v. Prentice-Hall), accusing it of reneging on a contract to promote sales.
The Federal District Court ruled that Prentice Hall had "privished" the book (the company conducting an intentionally inadequate merchandising effort) and breached its obligation to Zilg to use its best efforts in promoting the book because the publisher had no valid business reason for reducing the first printing or the advertising budget. The court also ruled that the DuPont Company had a constitutionally protected interest in discussing its good faith opinion of the merits of Zilg's work with the book clubs and the publisher, and found that the company had not engaged in threats of economic coercion or baseless litigation.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the damages award in September 1983. The court stated that, while DuPont's actions “surely” resulted in the book club's decision not to distribute Zilg's work and also resulted in a change in Prentice-Hall's previously supportive attitude toward the book, DuPont's conduct was not actionable. The court further stated that the contract did not contain an explicit “best efforts” or “promote fully” promise, much less an agreement to make certain specific promotional efforts. Printing and advertising decisions were within Prentice-Hall's discretion.
Zilg lost a Supreme Court appeal in April 1984.
In 1984 Lyle Stuart re-released an extended version, Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Along with Thomas Midgley (working under Charles Kettering of
General Motors), DuPont was the inventor of CFCs (
chlorofluorocarbons), and the largest producer of these
ozone-depleting chemicals (used primarily in
aerosol sprays and
refrigerants) in the world, with a 25% market share in the late 1980s.
In 1974, responding to public concern about the safety of CFCs, DuPont promised through newspaper advertisements and congressional testimony to stop production of CFCs should they be proven to be harmful to the ozone layer. On March 4, 1988, U.S. Senators Max Baucus (D-Mont.), David Durenberger (R-Minn.), and Robert T. Stafford (R-Vt.) officially wrote to DuPont, in their capacity as the leadership of the Congressional subcommittee on hazardous wastes and toxic substances, asking the company to keep its promise to completely stop CFC production (and to do so for most CFC types within one year) in light of the 1987 international Montreal Protocol for the global reduction of CFCs (signed for the United States by President Ronald Reagan). The Senators argued that “DuPont has a unique and special obligation” as the original developer of CFCs and the author of previous public assurances made by the company regarding the safety of CFCs. DuPont's response was that the senatorial demand was more drastic than the scientific evidence warranted, and that alternative chemicals were only in their infancy.
In a dramatic turnaround on March 24, 1988, DuPont announced that it would begin leaving the CFC business entirely after a March 15 NASA announcement that CFCs were not only creating a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica but also thinning the layer elsewhere in the world. Patrick Hossay argues in his book Unsustainable that DuPont "had begun researching substitutes for CFCs in the 1970s when sales began to slump. Because the company moved on alternatives to CFCs before its competitors, any ban on their use would give the company a sharp advantage."
DuPont announced that it would stop selling CFCs with a full page advertisement in the April 27, 1992 New York Times stating “we will stop selling CFCs as soon as possible, but no later than year end 1995 in the US and other developed countries.”
Lewis du Pont Smith, in an April 27, 1994, open letter to shareholders on DuPont’s CFC Policy, warns that DuPont Corporation will be destroyed when a consumer backlash demands a Congressional investigation “regarding the science behind the ozone depletion fraud and the economic forces that pushed for the CFC ban”, which he called “the most massive consumer fraud of this century”, warning that “The cost to consumers of the ban on CFCs will exceed $5 trillion: the consequences on human health will be devastating.” Eight years before, Lewis du Pont Smith had been declared mentally incompetent to handle his affairs after he gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to Lyndon LaRouche.
In later years, DuPont would maintain that the company had taken the initiative in phasing out CFCs and in replacing CFCs with a new generation of refrigerant chemicals, such as HCFCs and HFCs. In 2003, DuPont was awarded the National Medal of Technology, recognizing the company as the leader in developing CFC replacements.
PFOA (C8)
DuPont has faced fines from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and litigation over releases of the
Teflon processing aid
perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8) from their works in
Washington, West Virginia. PFOA contaminated
drinking water led to increased levels in the bodies of residents in the surrounding area. The court-appointed C8 Science Panel is investigating "whether or not there is a probable link between
C8 exposure and disease in the community." The C8 Science Panel started releasing data in October 2008 and linked high
cholesterol, but not diabetes, to exposure. DuPont has also faced
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings from the shareholder group DuPont Shareholders for Fair Value over the company's transparency regarding the chemical.
DuPont has agreed to sharply reduce its output of PFOA, and was one of eight companies to sign on with the USEPA's 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program. The agreement calls for the reduction of "facility emissions and product content of PFOA and related chemicals on a global basis by 95 percent no later than 2010 and to work toward eliminating emissions and product content of these chemicals by 2015." However, questions remain if the biological effects to people from this chemical translate into health effects.
NASCAR sponsorship
DuPont is widely known for its sponsorship of
NASCAR driver
Jeff Gordon and his
Hendrick Motorsports #24
Chevrolet Impala. DuPont has been sponsoring Jeff Gordon since he began in
Sprint Cup (then Winston Cup) in 1992. DuPont has said this about their sponsorship:
Our sponsorship of Jeff Gordon helps keep DuPont brands and products in the public eye. Branding is a key component of the DuPont knowledge intensity strategy for achieving sustainable growth.
In 2009, DuPont, Jeff Gordon, and Hendrick Motorsports celebrated their 17th season together. It is currently the longest driver/sponsor/owner combination in NASCAR.
See also
Du Pont family
Hagley Museum and Library
Irving S. Shapiro
Longwood Gardens
References
Further reading
Arora, Ashish Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, (eds). (2000). Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry.
Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the modern corporation.
Chandler, Alfred D. (1969). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise.
du Pont, B.G. (1920). E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: A History 1802–1902. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. - (Kessinger Publishing Rare Reprint. ISBN 1-4179-1685-0).
Grams, Martin. The History of the Cavalcade of America: Sponsored by DuPont. (Morris Publishing, 1999). ISBN 0-7392-0138-7
Haynes, Williams (1983). American chemical industry.
Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902–1980. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.
Kinnane, Adrian (2002). DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science. Willimington: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ISBN 0-8018-7059-3.
Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007). Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America
Zilg, Gerard Colby "DuPont: Behind the Nylon Curtain" (Prentice-Hall: 1974) 623 pages.
External links
Corporate History as presented by the company
DuPont Website
Yahoo company profile: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
DuPont/MIT Alliance
The Stocking Story: You Be The Historian, Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
The DuPont Company on the Brandywine A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that covers the company's founding and early history
Category:Price fixing convictions
Category:Chemical companies of the United States
Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average
Category:Companies established in 1802
Category:Engineering companies of the United States
Category:Nanotechnology companies
Category:National Medal of Technology recipients
Category:Chemical companies
Category:Wilmington, Delaware
Category:Companies based in New Castle County, Delaware
![The Pont du Diable (English: Devil's bridge) or Pont Vieux (English: Old bridge) is a medieval stone arch bridge at Céret, France, built between 1321 and 1341. Spanning the river Tech with an imposing single arch of 45.45 m span length, the Pont du Diable featured at the time of its construction the world's largest bridge arch. The apex of the Pont du Diable at its highest point above ground is 22.3 m. The bridge was partly modified in the 18th century.[vague]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110901204756im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/cc/50/bd7911f1dc16ee9cf6b3451342d1_grande.jpg "The Pont du Diable (English: Devil's bridge) or Pont Vieux (English: Old bridge) is a medieval stone arch bridge at Céret, France, built between 1321 and 1341. Spanning the river Tech with an imposing single arch of 45.45 m span length, the Pont du Diable featured at the time of its construction the world's largest bridge arch. The apex of the Pont du Diable at its highest point above ground is 22.3 m. The bridge was partly modified in the 18th century.[vague]")
![The Pont du Diable (English: Devil's bridge) or Pont Vieux (English: Old bridge) is a medieval stone arch bridge at Céret, France, built between 1321 and 1341. Spanning the river Tech with an imposing single arch of 45.45 m span length, the Pont du Diable featured at the time of its construction the world's largest bridge arch. The apex of the Pont du Diable at its highest point above ground is 22.3 m. The bridge was partly modified in the 18th century.[vague]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110901204756im_/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/cc/50/bd7911f1dc16ee9cf6b3451342d1_thumb.jpg "The Pont du Diable (English: Devil's bridge) or Pont Vieux (English: Old bridge) is a medieval stone arch bridge at Céret, France, built between 1321 and 1341. Spanning the river Tech with an imposing single arch of 45.45 m span length, the Pont du Diable featured at the time of its construction the world's largest bridge arch. The apex of the Pont du Diable at its highest point above ground is 22.3 m. The bridge was partly modified in the 18th century.[vague]")
